Improving Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Utilization with Sodium Butyrate in Nile Tilapia Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histology, Antioxidative Response, and Blood Biomarkers
Table 1
Formulation and composition of the basal diet.
Ingredients (%)
Fish meal
T. molitor
─SB
+SB
─SB
+SB
Fish meal (65% CP)
10
10
0
0
T. molitor meal (60% CP)
0
0
10
10
Soybean meal (44% CP)
32
32
33
33
Sodium butyrate (SB)
0
0.1
0
0.1
Yellow corn meal
18
18
18
18
Corn gluten
6
6
6
6
Wheat bran
18
18
18
18
Rice bran
7
7
7
7
Wheat flour
5.25
5.15
5.25
5.15
Fish oil
2
2
1
1
Corn oil
1
1
1
1
Vitamin and mineral mix1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Dicalcium phosphate
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Vitamin C
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Methionine
0
0
0.002
0.002
Lysine
0
0
0.005
0.005
Total
100
100
100
100
Chemical composition
Crude protein (%)
30.60
30.59
30.12
30.11
Crude lipids (%)
5.60
5.60
6.54
6.54
Ash (%)
5.11
5.09
5.21
5.14
Fibers (%)
4.62
4.52
4.62
4.36
Gross energy (MJ/kg)2
18.73
18.75
18.90
18.95
P/E ratio3
16.33
16.31
15.94
15.89
Essential amino acid (g/kg)
Arginine
1.81
1.99
1.68
1.69
Histidine
1.09
1.09
0.93
0.93
Isoleucine
1.60
1.60
1.32
1.33
Leucine
3.76
3.76
3.28
3.28
Lysine
1.74
1.74
1.23
1.24
Methionine
0.76
0.76
0.58
0.58
Phenylalanine
1.89
1.89
1.64
1.64
Threonine
1.39
1.39
1.11
1.12
Tryptophan
0.36
0.36
0.30
0.30
Valine
1.78
1.78
1.45
1.45
1The mixture of vitamins and minerals was added, according to Anany et al. [37]. 2Gross energy (GE) was calculated based on protein, lipid, and carbohydrate values as 23.6, 39.5, and 17.2 kJ/g, respectively, NRC [40]. 3Protein to energy ratio (P/E) ratio (mg CP/kJ GE) = CP/GE × 1,000 (kJ/100 g diet).
