Improving Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Utilization with Sodium Butyrate in Nile Tilapia Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histology, Antioxidative Response, and Blood Biomarkers

Table 6

Blood immunity and antioxidative responses of Nile tilapia fed test diets for 60 days.

	Lysozyme activity (unit/mL)	Phagocytic activity (%)	Phagocytic index	Superoxide dismutase (IU/L)	Catalase (IU/L)	Glutathione peroxidase (IU/L)	Malondialdehyde (nmol/mL)
Fish meal	3.45	8.79	1.14	9.19^b	6.04	9.78^b	21.04
Fish meal + SB	4.13	9.88	1.09	9.84^ab	6.28	10.76^a	18.49
T. molitor	3.38	7.08	0.95	9.51^b	7.59	8.25^c	17.30
T. molitor + SB	4.49	7.42	1.15	10.42^a	8.36	10.44^a	16.31
Pooled SE	0.20	0.35	0.04	0.19	0.41	0.45	0.84
Main effect
Protein source
Fish meal	3.79		1.12	9.52	6.16	10.27
T. molitor	3.94	7.25	1.05	9.96		9.35	16.80
Sodium butyrate (SB)
─SB	3.41	7.93	1.05	9.81	6.82	9.02	19.17^#
+SB	4.31^#	8.65^#	1.12	9.67	7.32^#	10.60	17.40
Two-way ANOVA (P-value)
Protein source	0.659	0.001	0.355	0.180	0.030	0.289	0.015
SB	0.022	0.004	0.312	0.675	0.004	0.089	0.004
Protein source × SB	0.523	0.067	0.110	0.033	0.710	0.048	0.618

Values are an average of three replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences () between dietary protein sources (fish meal or T. molitor meal) and sodium butyrate by Tukey’s test when significant interactions are seen at (). However, in case of nonsignificant interactions at () between the main effects, the symbols of () and (^#) are used to refer to the significances between dietary protein sources (fish meal or T. molitor meal) or sodium butyrate, respectively, by t-test at ().