Dietary Supplementation of Astragalus membranaceus Extract Affects Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Energy Metabolism of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Table 1

Ingredients and proximate composition of experiment diets (%, dry matter).

	Con	AME0.1	AME0.2	AME0.3	AME0.4	AME0.5	AME0.6
White fish meal^1	42	42	42	42	42	42	42
Soybean meal^2	16	16	16	16	16	16	16
Wheat flour^3	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7
Wheat gluten^4	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
Beer yeast^5	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
Krill meal^6	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Fish oil^7	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
Soybean lecithin^8	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Multivitamin^9	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Multimineral^10	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Choline chloride (50%)^11	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Monocalcium phosphate^12	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Vitamin C^13	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sodium alginate^14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Cellulose microcrystalline^15	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.1	0
A. membranaceus extract^16	0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.6
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Proximate composition (%)
Moisture	9.33	9.55	9.47	9.37	9.48	9.06	9.14
Crude protein	49.51	49.18	49.30	49.80	49.10	50.12	49.91
Crude lipid	11.05	10.59	10.80	10.66	10.54	10.68	11.04
Ash	10.60	10.27	10.47	10.72	10.44	10.84	10.92
Gross energy (kJ/g)	17.31	17.05	17.16	17.22	17.01	17.30	17.40

¹White fish meal: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China, crude protein 63.58%, crude lipid 9.16%. ²Soybean meal: purchased from Yihai Kerry Jinlongyu Grain and Oil Food Co., Ltd., China, crude protein 46.39%, crude lipid 1.13%. ³Wheat flour: purchased from Hebei Jinshahe Noodle Industry Group Co., Ltd., China, crude protein 12.8%, crude lipid 2.8%, starch 62.5%. ⁴Wheat gluten: purchased from Henan Zaohua Grain and Oil Co., Ltd., China, crude protein 78.0%. ⁵Beer yeast: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China, crude protein 41.91%. ⁶Krill meal: provided by Gongling Industrial (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., China, crude protein 58.0%, crude lipid 12.0%. ⁷Fish oil: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China. ⁸Soybean lecithin: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China. ⁹Multivitamin (kg⁻¹ diet): vitamin B1, 30 mg; vitamin B2, 60 mg; vitamin B6, 20 mg; nicotinic acid, 200 mg; calcium pantothenate, 100 mg; inositol, 100 mg; biotin, 2.5 mg; folic acid, 10 mg; vitamin B12, 0.1 mg; vitamin K3, 40 mg; vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000 IU; vitamin E, 160 IU. ¹⁰Multimineral (kg⁻¹ diet): MgSO₄·7H₂O, 1,090 mg; KH₂PO₄, 932 mg; NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O, 432 mg; FeC₆H₅O₇·5H₂O, 181 mg; ZnCl₂, 80 mg; CuSO₄·5H₂O, 63 mg; AlCl₃·6H₂O, 51 mg; MnSO₄·H₂O, 31 mg; KI, 28 mg; CoCl₂·6H₂O, 6 mg; Na₂SeO₃·H₂O, 0.8 mg. ¹¹Choline chloride: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China. ¹²Monocalcium phosphate: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China. ¹³Vitamin C: provided by Guangzhou Chengyi Industrial Group Co., Ltd., China. ¹⁴Sodium alginate: purchased from Nanjing Duly Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China. ¹⁵Cellulose microcrystalline: purchased from Shanghai Acmec Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. ¹⁶A. membranaceus extract: provided by Beijing Centre Biology Co Ltd., China.