Meal Timing Habits among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Multivariable analysis of factors associated with breakfast skipping.

Variable	Univariable analysis	Multivariable analysis
	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Age groups (years)
18–29	Reference group
30–39	0.7 (0.5–0.9)	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.14
40–49	0.5 (0.4–0.8)	0.6 (0.4–1.0)	0.07
≥50	0.8 (0.6–1.2)	0.9 (0.5–1.6)	0.67
Gender
Male	Reference group
Female	1.6 (1.3–2.0)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)	0.04
Marital status
Single	Reference group
Married	0.7 (0.6–0.9)	0.9 (0.6–1.2)	0.41
Divorced	0.5 (0.2–1.1)	0.6 (0.2–1.4)	0.22
Widowed	1.4 (0.5–3.9)	1.1 (0.4–3.5)	0.84
Work status
Full-time job	Reference group
Part-time job	2.0 (1.2–3.3)	1.7 (1.0–2.9)	0.06
Student	1.9 (1.5–2.6)	1.3 (0.9–2.0)	0.15
Retired	1.7 (1.0–2.9)	1.6 (0.7–3.7)	0.28
Unemployed	3.9 (2.9–5.4)	3.0 (1.3–7.1)	0.01
Working schedule
Traditional hours	Reference group
Fixed-shift work	1.6 (1.0–2.4)	1.8 (1.1–2.8)	0.01
Rotating-shift work	1.6 (1.1–2.5)	2.1 (1.3–3.2)	<0.01
Not working or studying	2.4 (1.9–3.0)	1.2 (0.6–2.6)	0.63
Monthly income (SAR)
<4,000	Reference group
4,000–14,000	0.6 (0.5–0.8)	0.9 (0.7–1.2)	0.48
>14,000	0.5 (0.4–0.7)	0.9 (0.7–1.4)	0.75

Note: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SAR, Saudi Riyal.