Meal Timing Habits among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 4

Multivariable analysis of factors associated with late dinners.

Variable	Univariable analysis	Multivariable analysis
	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Age groups (years)
18–29	Reference group
30–39	0.9 (0.7–1.2)	0.7 (0.5–1.0)	0.07
40–49	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	0.5 (0.3–0.8)	<0.01
≥50	0.8 (0.5–1.1)	0.6 (0.4–1.1)	0.09
Educational level
Below high-school	Reference group
High-school diploma	1.7 (0.6–5.0)	1.5 (0.5–4.5)	0.47
Diploma or bachelor	2.1 (0.8–6.2)	2.0 (0.7–5.9)	0.21
Masters or Ph.D.	1.2 (0.4–3.8)	1.2 (0.4–3.8)	0.78
Nationality
Citizen	Reference group
Resident	0.6 (0.4–1.0)	0.6 (0.3–1.0)	0.04
Region
Central province	Reference group
Eastern province	0.7 (0.5–1.0)	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.13
Northern province	0.8 (0.5–1.3)	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	0.68
Southern province	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.6 (0.4–1.0)	0.03
Western province	1.5 (1.2–2.1)	1.7 (1.3–2.3)	<0.01
Work status
Full-time job	Reference group
Part-time job	1.7 (1.0–2.7)	1.5 (0.9–2.5)	0.13
Student	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	0.62
Retired	1.1 (0.7–1.8)	1.9 (0.8–4.7)	0.14
Unemployed	1.7 (1.2–2.3)	2.6 (1.0–6.5)	0.04
Working schedule
Traditional hours	Reference group
Fixed-shift work	1.4 (0.9–2.2)	1.5 (0.9–2.3)	0.09
Rotating-shift work	1.9 (1.3–2.8)	2.0 (1.3–3.1)	<0.01
Not working or studying	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.7 (0.3–1.7)	0.41

Note: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SAR, Saudi Riyal.