Childhood Overweight/Obesity amidst Migration, Socioeconomic Factors, and Obesogenic Behaviors: Insights from the Growing Up in New Zealand Study

Table 3

Prevalence of obesogenic behaviors for the whole sample and by maternal migration status and their associations with OW/OB and maternal migration status.

Child’s obesogenic behaviors	Whole sample; (n = 5,506); n (%)	Association with OW/OB; OR (95% CI)	Maternal migration status		Association between maternal migration status and child’s obesogenic behaviors
			NZ-born mothers; n = 3,676; n (%)	Foreign-born mothers; n = 1,830; n (%)	OR; (95% CI)	AOR; (95% CI)
Fast food		Ref; 1.54 (1.29, 1.85)			Ref; 0.70 (0.61, 0.82)	Ref; 0.77 (0.65, 0.91)
None	829 (15.1)		497 (13.5)	332 (18.2)
≥1/month	4,673 (84.9)		3,178 (86.5)	1,495 (81.8)
Soft drink		Ref; 1.61 (1.43, 1.81)			Ref; 0.87 (0.78, 0.98)	Ref; 0.87 (0.76, 0.99)
None	2,637 (47.9)		1,721 (46.8)	916 (50.2)
≥1/month	2,846 (52.1)		1,954 (53.2)	910 (49.8)
Screen time		Ref; 1.51 (1.29, 1.79)			Ref; 0.89 (0.78, 1.03)	Ref; 0.94 (0.81, 1.10)
<1 hr	1,045 (19.1)		676 (18.5)	369 (20.2)
≥1 hr	4,440 (80.9)		2,984 (81.5)	1,456 (79.8)
Night sleep duration		Ref; 1.61 (1.36, 1.91)			Ref; 2.08 (1.76, 2.46)	Ref; 2.25 (1.85, 2.73)
≥10 hr	4,864 (88.4)		3,345 (91.1)	1,519 (83.1)
<10 hr	636 (11.6)		327 (8.9)	309 (16.9)

OW/OB, overweight/obesity; adjusted for mother’s age at pregnancy, maternal education, household deprivation level, household income, receipt of income benefit, having partner, and child’s birth weight and gender; children of NZ-born mothers were considered as the reference group across all obesogenic behaviors. Bold values indicate statistical significance, suggesting that the results of the statistical tests show significant differences or associations. Ref, reference groups—these groups (children of NZ-born mothers in this table) are used as benchmarks to assess the associations of other groups with the outcome variable in comparison to them.