Research Article
Factors Associated with Foodborne Pathogens among Food Handlers: A Case Study of Thika, Kiambu County, Kenya
Table 8
Bivariate analysis of the association between sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of foodborne pathogens.
| | Variable | Characteristic | Foodborne pathogen | χ2 | OR (95% CI) | P-value | | +ve(n = 44) | −ve(n = 241) |
| | Age (years) | Mean ± SE | 41.2 ± 1.77 | 39.8 ± 0.75 | | | 0.861 | | ≤20 | 3 (16.7) | 15 (83.3) | 0.861 | 0.867 (0.216–3.478) | 0.840 | | 21–30 | 5 (10.0) | 45 (90.0) | 0.041 | 0.481 (0.158–1.471) | 0.193 | | 31–40 | 12 (17.6) | 56 (82.4) | 0.027 | 0.929 (0.383–2.249) | 0.870 | | 41–50 | 12 (14.1) | 73 (85.9) | 0.580 | 0.712 (0.297–1.710) | 0.446 | | >50 | 12 (18.8) | 52 (81.3) | | Ref | |
| | Gender | Male | 14 (10.4) | 121 (89.6) | 5.047 | 0.463 (0.234–0.916) | 0.031 | | Female | 30 (20.0) | 120 (80.0) | | Ref | |
| | Level of education | No formal education | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 0.001 | 1.030 (0.113–9.399) | 0.665 | | Primary | 10 (14.3) | 60 (85.7) | 0.004 | 1.271 (0.580–2.787) | 0.549 | | Secondary | 22 (17.1) | 107 (82.9) | 0.360 | 1.030 (0.409–2.596) | 0.950 | | Higher education | 11 (13.9) | 68 (86.1) | | Ref | |
| | Religion | Christianity | 42 (16.0) | 221 (84.0) | 0.736 | 1.900 (0.428–8.437) | 0.546 | | Muslim | 2 (9.1) | 20 (90.9) | | Ref | |
| | Monthly income (KSh.) | 20,000 and above | 10 (26.3) | 38 (86.4) | 0.076 | 0.842 (0.247–2.868) | 0.783 | | 10,000–2,000 | 10 (18.5) | 44 (81.5) | 0.114 | 0.875 (0.326–2.347) | 0.734 | | 5,000–10,000 | 21 (14.0) | 128 (85.9) | 0.070 | 0.875 (0.326–2.347) | 0.791 | | Below 5,000 | 6 (15.8) | 32 (84.2) | | Ref | |
| | Work experience | Less than one month | 1 (5.0) | 19 (95.0) | 1.580 | 0.285 (0.036–2.272) | 0.304 | | 1–6 months | 9 (11.8) | 67 (88.2) | 0.522 | 0.727 (0.305–1.730) | 0.470 | | 6 months–1 year | 17 (21.3) | 63 (78.8) | 1.000 | 1.460 (0.693–3.075) | 0.317 | | More than 1 year | 17 (15.6) | 92 (84.4) | | Ref | |
| | Locality | Gatuanyaga | 5 (19.2) | 21 (80.8) | 0.190 | 1.280 (0.421–3.890) | 0.663 | | Hospital | 10 (15.4) | 55 (84.6) | 0.003 | 0.977 (0.414–2.308) | 0.958 | | Kamenu | 8 (13.1) | 53 (86.9) | 0.201 | 0.811 (0.325–2.026) | 0.654 | | Ngoliba | 5 (16.1) | 26 (83.9) | 0.004 | 1.034 (0.346–3.092) | 0.953 | | Township | 16 (15.7) | 86 (84.3) | | Ref | |
| | Work responsibility | Cashier | 6 (15.0) | 34 (85.0) | 0.005 | 0.958 (0.293–3.132) | 0.943 | | Service | 6 (14.0) | 37 (86.0) | 0.045 | 0.880 (0.270–2.867) | 0.832 | | Cleaner | 5 (14.3) | 30 (85.7) | 0.025 | 0.905 (0.261–3.137) | 0.875 | | All | 16 (16.3) | 82 (83.7) | 0.014 | 1.059 (0.402–2.788) | 0.907 | | Other | 4 (16.7) | 20 (83.3) | 0.013 | 1.086 (0.284–4.157) | 0.904 | | Cook | 7 (15.6) | 38 (84.4) | | Ref | |
| | Training on food safety | Yes | 5 (6.8) | 68 (93.2) | 5.546 | 0.326 (0.123–0.862) | 0.023 | | No | 39 (18.4) | 173 (81.6) | | | Ref | |
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