Chondrotoxicity of Local Anesthetics: Liposomal Bupivacaine Is Less Chondrotoxic than Standard Bupivacaine

Figure 2

Sample articular cartilage plugs confocal microscopy stained with live/dead assay is shown after 24 hours of 90 minute exposure using (a) saline, (b) liposomal bupivacaine, and (c) standard bupivacaine. Live cells appear green, while dead cells appear red.

(a)

(b)

(c)