Investigating the Effects of Nonsolvent Additive and Spinning Conditions on Morphology and Permeation of PAN Hollow Fiber Membranes

Figure 3

The membrane outer surface morphology of PAN hollow fiber membranes spun from different H₂O concentration: (a) 0 wt%; (b) 2 wt%; (c) 3.5 wt%; (d) 6 wt%.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)