Investigating the Effects of Nonsolvent Additive and Spinning Conditions on Morphology and Permeation of PAN Hollow Fiber Membranes

Figure 7

Effect of dope flow rate on morphologies of PAN hollow fibers: (a) cross-section; (b) skin layer cross-section; (c) outer surface (D4: 4 ml/min, D6: 6 ml/min).