Investigating the Effects of Nonsolvent Additive and Spinning Conditions on Morphology and Permeation of PAN Hollow Fiber Membranes

Figure 8

Effect of air gap distance on morphologies of PAN hollow fibers: (a) outer surface; (b) cross-section; (c) skin layer cross-section (A5: 5 cm, A7: 7 cm, A9: 9 cm).