A Review on the Use of Azolla Meal as a Feed Ingredient in Aquatic Animals’ Diets

Table 4

Cultivation conditions for different species of Azolla plants.

Azolla plants	Temperature	Nutrient	Volume of water	pH	Salinity	Light intensity	Reference
Azolla pinnata, Azolla filiculoides	20–23°C	KNO3, KH2PO4Ca(NO3)2, Fe, ZnSO4, MgSO4	1,505 cm^2	6–7	400–450 ppm	300 µmol/m^2/s	[46]
Azolla pinnata	18–28°C	Cow dung, phosphate, magnesium, iron, copper, sulfur	10 cm depth	4.5–7	–	Full to partial shade (100%–50% sunlight)	[47]
Azolla	20–30°C	Essential macro–micro nutrients, except for nitrogen	3–5 cm water depth	5–7	0.3%–2.5%	25%–50% of full sunlight for 20 hr/day; (3,000–6,000 lux)	[43]
Azolla	–	P, Ca, Mg, and K	–	6.6–6.8	54.0 ppm	–	[48]
Azolla filiculoides	25°C	–	–	5.5	–	40–70 μmol/s/m^2 PPFD	[49]
Azolla pinnata and Azolla filiculoides	23–25°C	–	Surface area 130 cm^2	–	–	100 mol/m^2/s	[44]
circinata, A. pinnata, A. rubra, and A. mexicana	18–27°C	CaCl2, K2SO4, FeSO4, ZnSO4, MgSO4, MnCl2	Surface area 340 cm^2	Neutral	–	15 klx	[50]
Azolla	–	Cow dung, phosphate	10 cm depth	–	–	–	[51]
Azolla	20–35°C	P, K, Fe	–	4.5–7.0	No more than 0.3%	20%–50% of full sunlight	[52]
Azolla pinnata	–	Cow dung phosphate and (urea) inorganic	10 cm depth	–	–	Partial shed	[53]
Azolla filiculoides	22°C		Surface area of 7,850 cm^2	6.4	370–430 ppm	20 LX	[54]
Azolla pinnata	–	Urea, K2HPO4	–	7.0	–	LX-101	[55]
Azolla filiculoides	15–20°C	–	–	4.5–7.0	–	–	[56]
Azolla micropylla	20–31°C	–	–	–	–	10,000 Lux	[57]

Source: Temmink et al. [58].