Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the Environment of Saudi Aquaculture as a New Class of Pollutants

Table 1

List of FDA-permitted antibiotics for aquaculture.

Antibiotic	Commercial name	Class	Application	Species
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride	OXY Marine™, Tetroxy® 343, Pennox 343®, Terramycin 343®, TETROXY® Aquatic	Tetracyclines	Skeletal marking	Finfish fry and fingerlings
Oxytetracycline dihydrate		Tetracyclines	Control of Hemophilus piscium-induced ulcer disease, Aeromonas salmonicida-induced furunculosis, Aeromonas liquefaciens-induced bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia, and pseudomonas disease	Salmonids
			Control of Aeromonas liquefaciens—and pseudomonas—caused bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia	Catfish
Florfenicol	Aquaflor®	Amphenicols	Manage catfish fatal outcomes brought on by intestinal septicemia attributed to Edwardsiella ictaluri	Catfish
			Control of fatal outcomes due to coldwater disease associated with Flavobacterium psychrophilum	Freshwater-cultured salmonids
			Control of mortality due to Aeromonas salmonicida-induced furunculosis	Freshwater-reared salmonids
			Manage mortality due to Flavobacterium columnare-induced columnaris disease	Freshwater-reared finfish
Sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim	Romet®-30	Sulfonamides	Control of Aeromonas salmonicida-induced furunculosis	Salmonids (trout and salmon)
			Control of Edwardsiella ictalurid-caused bacterial infections	catfish
Sulfamerazine	Sulfamerazine Fish Grade	Sulfonamides	–	–