Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the Environment of Saudi Aquaculture as a New Class of Pollutants

Table 3

Globally reported aquaculture-related antibiotic-resistant bacteria (AARB) and aquaculture-related antibiotic resistance genes (AARGs).

Country	Fish species	Sample	Resistant bacteria	Antibiotics	Resistant genes	Reference
Portugal	Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)	Intestine fecal samples	Enterococcal isolates (E. faecium and E. faecalis)	Erythromycin, tetracycline, quinupristin–dalfopristin, ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol	erm(B), tet(L) or tet(M), aac(6^′)- aph(2^′) and aph(3^′)-IIIa genes	[92]
Portugal	Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)	Intestine fecal samples	Escherichia coli	Beta-lactams, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	blaTEM-52, blaSHV-12 genes, cmlA, tetA, aadA, sul1, sul2, and sul3)	[93]
Italy	Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)	Skin, gills, muscles, and intestinal content	Vibrio spp.	Ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and sulfadiazine	–	[94]
Portugal	Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)	Intestine fecal samples	Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and E. durans	Vancomycin	vanA	[95]
Italy	Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)	Skin, gills, muscles, and intestinal content	Aeromonas ssp.	Sulfadiazine, amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, cephalothin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim	–	[96]
China	–	Wastewater samples	Aeromonas punctata		qnrVC	[97]
China	–	Different sample sites in integrated freshwater aquaculture farm	Enterobacteriaceae isolates	Ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, spectinomycin, and trimethoprim	(tet(A), tet(C)), (sul2), aadA22, and dfr2	[98]
Chine	Marin fish (Protonibea spp., Epinephelussp spp., Siganus spp., Trachinotus spp., and Nibea spp., etc.)	Tissues (including the liver, spleen, kidney, intestines, and brain)	Vibrio spp.	Vancomycin, amoxicillin, furazolidone, tobramycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline	aphA, vhh, hflK, chiA, and flaC	[99]
Chile	–	Aquaculture farm water and sediment		Tetracycline, quinolones, and florfenicol	tetA, tetB, tetK, tetM, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6^′)-1b, and floR	[100]
China	–	Water sources, pond water, and sediment in aquaculture farm	–	Tetracycline and sulfonamides.	Sul1 and tetC	[101]
Japan	(15 red seabream Pagrus major, 10 olive flounder Paralichtys olivaceus, 4 Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, 1 black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii)		Edwardsiella tarda	β-lactams and aminoglycosides	blaCTX-Maac(6^′)-Ib, armA and strA-strB	[102]
Vietnam	(35 red tilapia, 36 striped catfish, 35 wild fish)	Gut contents	Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli	Sulfonamide and colistin	sul and mcr-1	[103]
Korea	–	Aquaculture fish farm	Vibrio harveyi	Tetracycline, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones	tetB, qnrA, intI1 (Class 1 integron integrase), aac(6^′)-Ib, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, strA-strB, tetA, aphAI-IAB, qnrC, qnrS, and blaTEM	[104]
Turkey	C. carpio, C. luteus, C. umbla, C. macrostomum, C. gibelio, C. trutta, C. auratus, C. kais, L. abu, L. regium, A. grypus, A. marmid, A. mossulensis	Fish muscle samples	E. coli O157: H7, Aeromonas spp. and P.shigelloides	Beta-lactams	(blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM) and (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, blaIMP)	[105]
India	Freshwater carp (Labeo rohita)	Gut	Proteobacteria	Beta-lactams and peptide antibiotics	(tsnR), beta-lactams (CTX-M-1, TEM) and (mdtA, mdtB, mdtC)	[106]
Egypt	O. niloticus and C. gariepinus	Internal organs	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Beta-lactams and tetracyclines	blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and tetA	[107]