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| Fish species | Province of Saudi Arabia | Fish sample | Aquaculture-related antibiotic-resistant bacteria (AARB) isolates | Antibiotics | Aquaculture-related antibiotic resistance genes (AARGs) | Reference |
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| 45 imported mackerel fish samples from supermarkets | Eastern Province | Gills, intestine, and skin | 60 isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli | Beta-lactams | blaCTX-M | [114] |
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| 365 Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) samples purchased from wholesale and retail markets | Aljouf | Fish flesh | 45 Aeromonas veronii Biovar Sobria | Nalidixic acid, carbenicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Erolysin (aero), elastase (ahyB), lipase (lip), flagellin (fla), enterotoxin (act), and DNases (exu) | [115] |
|
| 223 imported frozen freshwater fish purchased from supermarkets and grocery stores | Eastern Province | Gills, intestine, and skin | 140 isolates of Salmonella spp. | Tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | – | [116] |
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| 405 imported frozen freshwater fish samples from supermarkets | Eastern Province | Gills, intestine, and skin | 224 isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli | Beta-lactams | blaCTX-M | [117] |
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| 200 wild fish | Jeddah | Intestine | 10 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae B8 and Morganella morganii A4 | Beta-lactams | blaCTX-M, blaSHV | [118] |
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| 30 fresh fish samples from local market | Shaqa, Riyadh | – | 80 isolates of Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. | Bacitracin, tetracycline | – | [119] |
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| 560 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from 2 private aquaculture farms | Al-Qatif | Fish organs (liver, kidney, spleen, external lesion if present) | Aeromonas veronii | Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid and ampicillin | – | [120] |
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| 35 raw fish samples | Different areas in Riyadh | | Aeromonas spp. | Ampicillin, carbenicillin, and nalidixic acid | – | [121] |
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| Wastewater from fish market sewage tank | Jazan | – | S. aureus and K. pneumoniae | β-lactam (methicillin) | Methicillin-resistance gene (mecA) | [122] |
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| 370 live fishes with disease signs from 17 freshwater and marine farms | Different provinces | Flesh samples | 5 isolates of Vibrio spp., including Vibrio damsela, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio hollisae | Sulfonamide, cloistin, tetracycline, lincomycin, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, amoxycillin, oxytetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, and oxolinic acid | – | [123] |
|
| Marketed shrimp (Penaeus indicus) | Hail region | | Vibrio and Aeromonas genera | Tigecycline, ceftaroline, meropenem, ticarcillin, amikacin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, gentamicin, and moxifloxacin | – | [124] |
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| 20 samples of marketed shrimps (Penaeus monodon) | Al-Ahsa | Muscles | Aeromonas hydrophila | Multidrug resistance profiling | Cephalothin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, oxacillin, and oxytetracycline | [125] |
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