Aquaculture Research

Research Article

The Effects of Different Levels of Potassium Diformate and Calcium Diformate on Growth, Digestion Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Flora, Stress Markers, and Some Serum Biochemical Analytes in Juvenile Beluga Huso huso

Table 2

Biochemical parameters in H. huso fed feed supplemented with different levels of potassium diformate and calcium diformate for 60 days.


Parameters	Groups	Day 0	Day 30	Day 60

Total protein (mg/dL)	Control	3.89 ± 0.1^Aa	4.99 ± 0.06^Ba	3.92 ± 0.05^ABa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	4.06 ± 0.19^Aa	4.91 ± 0.17^Bb	4.10 ± 0.25^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.15	4.08 ± 0.05^Aab	5.61 ± 0.11^Aa	3.55 ± 0.15^Bb
	Potassium diformate 0.2	4.0 ± 0.13^Aa	5.26 ± 0.07^Aa	3.88 ± 0.15^ABb
	Calcium diformate 0.1	3.99 ± 0.04^Aab	5.36 ± 0.35^Aa	3.82 ± 0.29^ABb
	Calcium diformate 0.15	3.89 ± 0.09^Ab	5.21 ± 0.15^Ab	3.87 ± 0.17^ABb
	Calcium diformate 0.2	3.98 ± 0.18^Ab	5.39 ± 0.26^Aa	3.92 ± 0.12^ABb

Albumin (mg/dL)	Control	0.85 ± 0.05^Aa	0.81 ± 0.08^Ba	0.88 ± 0.04^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	0.88 ± 0.05^A,b	1.17 ± 0.1^A,a	0.99 ± 0.11^A,b
	Potassium diformate 0.15	0.85 ± 0.12^A,b	1.11 ± 0.1^A,a	0.81 ± 0.11^A,b
	Potassium diformate 0.2	0.82 ± 0.06^A,b	0.95 ± 0.08^AB,a	0.760 ± 0.025^B,b
	Calcium diformate 0.1	0.85 ± 0.13^A,b	1.63 ± 0.08^A,a	0.81 ± 0.11^A,b
	Calcium diformate 0.15	0.88 ± 0.03^A,b	0.94 ± 0.06^AB,a	0.85 ± 0.12
	Calcium diformate 0.2	0.87 ± 0.03^A,b	1.29 ± 0.06^A,a	0.72 ± 0.04^B,b

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	Control	73.61 ± 7.1^Aa	70.62 ± 2.6^Ba	67.28 ± 3.18^Ba
	Potassium diformate 0.1	77.72 ± 7.19^A,a	72.2 ± 6.3^Ba	82.66 ± 1.71^A,a
	Potassium diformate 0.15	78.1 ± 10.2^A,b	99.0 ± 4.12^Aa	72.76 ± 4.54^B,b
	Potassium diformate 0.2	74.05 ± 8.8^A,a	81.62 ± 1.41^Aba	68.16 ± 2.5^B,a
	Calcium diformate 0.1	71.13 ± 8/14^A,a	86.66 ± 4.35^Aba	71.6 ± 3.49^B,a
	Calcium diformate 0.15	72.45 ± 7.9^A,b	72.66 ± 5.33^Ba	87.4 ± 3.15^A,a
	Calcium diformate 0.2	74.26 ± 8.98^A,b	73.0 ± 3.4^Ba	38.65 ± 1.4^B,b

Calcium (mg/dL)	Control	8.6 ± 1.1^Aa	7.4 ± 1.3^Ba	8.84 ± 1.1^BCa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	8.6 ± 2.19^A,b	10.5 ± 2.3^A,a	9.53 ± 1/31^B,ab
	Potassium diformate 0.15	8.1 ± 3.05^A,b	12 ± 1.32^A,a	9.7 ± 2.14^B,b
	Potassium diformate 0.2	7.5 ± 1.13^A,b	12.7 ± 4.41^A,a	7.2 ± 14.15^C,b
	Calcium diformate 0.1	8.38 ± 1.14^A,b	11.4 ± 4.5^A,a	9.47 ± 2.49^B,b
	Calcium diformate 0.15	7.67 ± 2.9^A,b	12.6 ± 3.3^A,a	12.19 ± 1.95^A,a
	Calcium diformate 0.2	8.74 ± 4.8^A,b	11.3 ± 2.9^A,a	7.18 ± 1.4^C,b

Potassium (mg/dL)	Control	3.68 ± 1.07^Ab	2.85 ± 0.75^Ab	2.7 ± 0.51^Ab
	Potassium diformate 0.1	3.4 ± 1.47^Ab	4.36 ± 0.94^Ab	3.23 ± 0.57^Ab
	Potassium diformate 0.15	3.36 ± 1.42^Ab	2.32 ± 0.6^Ab	2.9 ± 0.7^Ab
	Potassium diformate 0.2	3.45 ± 1.44^Ab	1.56 ± 0.68^Ab	2.46 ± 0.35^Ab
	Calcium diformate 0.1	3.53 ± 0.47^Ab	1.7 ± 0.44^Ab	3.22 ± 0.65^Ab
	Calcium diformate 0.15	3.38 ± 1.1^Ab	2.14 ± 0.49^Ab	2.48 ± 0.88^Ab
	Calcium diformate 0.2	3.7 ± 1.98^Ab	2.96 ± 0.94^Ab	5.72 ± 0.65^Ab

Creatine phosphokinase (mg/dL)	Control	214.57 ± 3.08^Ab	365.5 ± 2.47^Aa	365.17 ± 2.56^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	214.57 ± 14.68^Ab	358.6 ± 1.7^Aa	365.8 ± 2.47^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.15	216.36 ± 2.54^A,b	356.25 ± 5.37^A,a	363.2 ± 5.49^A,a
	Potassium diformate 0.2	217.88 ± 3.90^A,b	353.66 ± 2.88^A,a	362.5 ± 5.92^A,a
	Calcium diformate 0.1	218.07 ± 2.09^A,b	369.5 ± 4.03^A,a	360 ± 2.2^A,a
	Calcium diformate 0.15	214.41 ± 2.56^A,b	358.25 ± 1.31^A,a	364.25 ± 6.65^A,a
	Calcium diformate 0.2	215.72 ± 3.83^A,b	364.33 ± 2.2^A,a	376.6 ± 4.44^A,a

Sodium (mg/dL)	Control	146.3 ± 18.12^Aa	172.0 ± 44.9^Aa	161.3 ± 46.54^Ba
	Potassium diformate 0.1	137.4 ± 15.45^Aa	120.0 ± 12.52^Aa	127.0 ± 14.73^Ba
	Potassium diformate 0.15	158.3 ± 49.11^Aa	139.4 ± 1.84^Aa	135.8 ± 26.71^Ba
	Potassium diformate 0.2	144.1 ± 27.69^Aa	96.4 ± 15.8^Bb	123.2 ± 20.93^Ba
	Calcium diformate 0.1	134.1 ± 20.51^Aa	120.6 ± 9.5^Aa	130.2 ± 15.02^Ba
	Calcium diformate 0.15	154.5 ± 47.14^Aa	130.8 ± 8.5^Aa	126.4 ± 10.92^Ba
	Calcium diformate 0.2	146.5 ± 30.82^Ab	148.0 ± 27^Ab	232.6 ± 21.64^Aa

Phosphorus (mg/dL)	Control	4.32 ± 0.48^Aa	4.68 ± 1.31^Aa	3.77 ± 0.3^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	5.58 ± 0.29^Aa	5.06 ± 1.0^Aa	5.37 ± 0.54^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.15	4.79 ± 1.74^Aa	5.06 ± 0.13^Aa	4.41 ± 0.0^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.2	4.91 ± 1.16^Aa	5.24 ± 0.38^Aa	4.76 ± 0.11^Aa
	Calcium diformate 0.1	4.91 ± 0.61^Aa	5.3 ± 0.46^Aa	4.94 ± 0.39^Aa
	Calcium diformate 0.15	4.25 ± 0.35^Aa	5.77 ± 0.43^Aa	5.13 ± 1.04^Aa
	Calcium diformate 0.2	4.64 ± 1.02^Aa	5.28 ± 0.65^Aa	4.74 ± 0.24^Aa

Cortisol (mg/dL)	Control	16.5 ± 1.6^Aa	17.6 ± 6.1^Aab	17.8 ± 0.37^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	15.24 ± 2.9^Aa	14.3 ± 2.43^Ab	14.9 ± 3.5^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.15	14.55 ± 1.8^Aa	8.11 ± 2.27^Bbc	9.09 ± 2.73^Bab
	Potassium diformate 0.2	15.04 ± 2.97^Aa	12.97 ± 3.77^Ab	6.1 ± 1.45^Bb
	Calcium diformate 0.1	16.63 ± 1.7^ABa	21.68 ± 7.16^Aa	11.69 ± 2.5^Bab
	Calcium diformate 0.15	15.21 ± 3.0^Aa	3.98 ± 0.49^Bc	5.83 ± 1.25^Bb
	Calcium diformate 0.2	15.16 ± 2.2^Aa	3.19 ± 0.24^Bc	13.49 ± 7.1^Aa

Glucose (mg/dL)	Control	76.6 ± 3.11^Aa	80.33 ± 11.7^Aa	78.0 ± 0.18^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.1	79.9 ± 7.19^Aa	67.6 ± 8.13^Ba	68.0 ± 5.1^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.15	73.5 ± 3.5^Aa	61.0 ± 8.82^Aa	69.83 ± 4.34^Aa
	Potassium diformate 0.2	71.33 ± 4.8^Aa	54.0 ± 5.41^Cb	72.21 ± 5.21^Aa
	Calcium diformate 0.1	79.16 ± 6.14^Aa	84.0 ± 4.35^Aa	69.8 ± 7.49^Aa
	Calcium diformate 0.15	76.2 ± 1.93^Aa	59.0 ± 4.33^BCb	59.4 ± 4.15^ABb
	Calcium diformate 0.2	71.0 ± 4.98^Aa	79.0 ± 3.24^Aa	51.8 ± 0.4^Bb

Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between each of the experimental groups at various sampling time points (row) (). Different capital letters denote significant differences between the experimental groups at a specified time point (column) (). Data were expressed as means ± SEM (n = 9).