The Effect of Perioperative Music Listening on Patient Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Depression: A Quasiexperimental Study

Table 1

Patient demographics.

Characteristics	N = 83
Age (years)	38.9 ± 8.66
Race
Chinese	62 (74.7%)
Malay	15 (18.1%)
Indian	3 (3.6%)
Others	3 (3.6%)
ASA status
Class 1	66 (79.5%)
Class 2	17 (20.5%)
Duration of music listening (min)
Preoperative period	128.6 ± 60.88
Postoperative period	43.4 ± 19.41
Duration of surgery (min)	24.0 ± 15.90
Duration of stay in the recovery unit (min)	63.3 ± 23.70
Incidence of patients using opioids for analgesia in the recovery unit	10 (12.0%)

Values are represented as mean ± SD or number (proportion). ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.