Effect of Ketamine/Propofol Admixture on Peri-Induction Hemodynamics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 4

Hemodynamic outcomes.

Intervention	Outcome	Conclusion	Study design/sample size	Certainty of evidence
Ketamine/propofol admixture vs. nonketamine/propofol admixture	HR 5 min	WMD, 3.36 mmHg (95% CI, −0.88 to 7.60), I^2 = 88.6%	Six RCTs (n = 465) 11, 27–31	Very low due to risk of bias, imprecision, and inconsistency
	HR 10 min	WMD, 0.36 mmHg (95% CI, −2.57 to 3.29), I^2 = 69.9%	Three RCTs (n = 244) 11, 27, 29	Very low due to risk of bias, imprecision, and inconsistency
	SBP 5 min	WMD, 9.67 mmHg (95% CI, 1.48 to 17.86), I^2 = 87.2%	Five RCTs (n = 385) 11, 27–28, 30–31	Low due to risk of bias and inconsistency
	SBP 10 min	WMD, 4.56 mmHg (95% CI, −1.09 to 10.20), I^2 = 0.0%	Two RCTs (n = 164) 11, 27	Low due to risk of bias and imprecision
	DBP 5 min	WMD, 2.18 mmHg (95% CI, −2.82 to 7.19), I^2 = 73.1%	Four RCTs (n = 305) 11, 28, 30–31	Very low due to risk of bias, inconsistency, and imprecision
	DBP 10 min	WMD, 4.80 mmHg (95% CI, 0.24 to 9.36), I^2 = N/A	One RCT (n = 84) 11	Low due to risk of bias and imprecision
	MAP 5 min	WMD, 3.28 mmHg (95% CI, −0.94 to 7.49), I^2 = 69.9%	Four RCTs (n = 345) 11, 29–31	Very low due to risk of bias, imprecision, and inconsistency
	MAP 10 min	WMD, 4.08 mmHg (95% CI, −0.22 to 8.39), I^2 = 41.4	Two RCTs (n = 164) 11, 29	Low due to risk of bias and imprecision

CI: confidence interval; HR: heart rate; WMD: weighted mean difference; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; N/A: not applicable.