Engineered Magnetic Carbon-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Water Priority Pollutants: An Overview

Table 5

Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution using magnetic carbon-based adsorbents: preparation, removal operating conditions, and adsorption properties.

Synthesis route	Magnetic source	Carbon source	Adsorption capacity (mg/g)	pH	T (°C)	Magnetization (emu/g)	BET area (m^2/g)	Reference
Impregnation method	γ-Fe2O3	Cotton cellulose	18.6	4 – 9	25	--	2.23	[244]
Pyrolysis at 500 °C and coprecipitation method	Fe3O4	Corn stover	4.11	2	25	5.1	3.61	[160]
Chemical deposition of Fe3O4	γ-Fe2O3	Graphite	77.12	7	25	22.66	--	[245]
Impregnation method	Fe3O4	Yak dung	3.98	5 – 6	25	--	79.49	[246]
BC impregnation with iron salt, pyrolysis at 600 °C.	Fe3O4	Douglas fir biochar	7.58; 15.5	7	25	--	494	[161]
Impregnation with CaCl2 and FeCl3. Carbonization at 300–700 °C during 2 h	γ-Fe2O3	Cattle dung	15	7.5	25–45	--	19.2	[247]
Impregnation with FeCl3 and pyrolysis after impregnation.	γ-Fe2O3	Bovine bone	5.23	8	25	4.43	41.77	[162]
Oak shell calcination at 800 °C and iron salt impregnation	Fe3O4	Oak shell	454.54			69.46	226.78	[163]
AC impregnation and pyrolysis at 500 °C during 2 h.	Fe3O4	Pea peel	4.71	2–10	25-55	--	-	[164]

Adsorbent nomenclature: biochar (BC).