Exosomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis: Threat or Opportunity?

Table 1

Dual effects of body fluids-derived exosomes against HIV infection.

Viral/antiviral effect	Exosomal source	Active component	Reference
Promote HIV infection	Blood/plasma/serum	CCR5 and CXCR4	[43, 44]
		Nef	[37, 46, 47]
		Gag	[39]
		Viral mRNA/miRNA	[18]
		TAR RNA	[48]
		CD45, CD86, and MHC-II	[49]
		ADAM17, TNF-α	[51, 52]
		Undefined (from DCs)	[50]
Inhibit HIV infection	Blood/plasma/serum	APOBEC3G	[29, 53, 54]
		CD4	[59]
		Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)	[63]
		Interferon-beta (IFN-β)	[64]
		Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)	[61, 65]
		Interleukins	[61, 62]
		Undefined (from CD8+ T cells)	[60]
	Breast milk	Lewis X	[66]
		Bile lipase	[67]
		IgA and IgG antibodies	[68]
		Mucin 1 (MUC-1)	[69]
		Oligosaccharides	[70]
		Undefined	[31]
	Semen	Mucin 6	[72]
		Undefined	[30, 71]
Promote/inhibit HIV infection (unexplored)	Urine	Unexplored	Unexplored
	Saliva
	Ascites
	Bronchoalveolar lavage liquid (BAL)
	Amniotic fluid
	Cerebrospinal fluid
	Vaginal fluid