Advances in Virology

Review Article

Genotype Diversity of Newcastle Disease Virus in Nigeria: Disease Control Challenges and Future Outlook

Table 1

Current classification and distribution of class II NDV genotypes.
GenotypesSubgenotypesGeographic distributionRemarks
IIa, Ib, IcAustralia, Africa, Europe, US, AsiaLow virulence, Ulster, V4
II-North and South America, Africa, Asia and EuropeAvirulent, lentogenic, Lasota, B1
III-Japan and Australia, Taiwan, ZimbabweAncient strains but still emerging, mesogenic Mukteshwar
IV-Europe, Africa, AsiaVirulent, Herts/33 (UK)
VVa, Vb, Vc, VdSouth America, Europe and AfricaVirulent, Anhinga (US)
VIVIa, VIb, VIc, VId, VIe, VIf, VIg, VIh, VIi, VIj, VIkEurope, Asia, Africa, South AmericaPigeon paramyxoviruses
VIIVIIa, VIIb, VIIc,, VIId, VIIe, VIIf, VIIg, VIIh, VIIiEmerged in Far East in 1990, spread to Europe and Asia, Africa.Virulent, 4th ND panzootic virus, 5th panzootic virus
VIII-South Africa, AsiaHighly virulent, AF22440
IX-First isolated in China in 1948Highly virulent
X-Taiwan, Argentina, USAVirulent
XI-MadagascarVirulent, restricted distribution
XII-South America and ChinaVirulent
XIIIXIIIa, XIIIb, XIIIcAsia, Europe and AfricaVirulent, continuously emerging
XIVXIVa, XIVbWest AfricaHighly virulent, recovered from domestic birds only
XV-ChinaOriginated from mixed virulent and vaccine viruses
XVI-Europe in 1940s, Africa and Asia in 1980sHighly related to genotype IV
XVIIXVIIa, XVIIbWest and Central AfricaHighly virulent, continuously emerging evolving
XVIIIXVIIIa, XVIIIbWest AfricaHighly virulent