|
| Analytical method | Tentative detection levels | Remarks | Ref. |
|
| Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) | 0.11 μM | (i) Detection of 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole in real milk | [8] |
| (ii) Nonselective |
| (iii) Low sample consumption and fast response |
| (iv) Simple operation, high sensitivity, strong selectivity, less interference from water |
| (v) Can be used for molecular structure analysis |
| (vi) On-site determination |
| Capillary electrophoresis | 4.1–6.3 ng/mL | (i) Detection of ciprofloxacin in chicken muscle | [9] |
| (ii) Fast analysis and high precision |
| (iii) Used with a mass spectrometer, a diode array detector, and a fluorescence detector |
| (iv) Sensitivity and repeatability must be improved |
| Electrochemical techniques | 0.003 μM | (i) Detection of sulfanilamide in milk | [10] |
| (ii) Simple operation, high sensitivity, low cost |
| (iii) Low stability |
| (iv) In samples with complicated matrices, problems with repeatability may occur due to deterioration of electrodes |
| Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | 1.46–15.5 ng/kg | (i) Detection of sulfonamides in aquaculture | [11] |
| (ii) The most authoritative method in antibiotic detection |
| (iii) High sensitivity and selectivity |
| (iv) Requires expensive equipment |
| (v) Sample preparation is time consuming |
| (vi) Difficult to detect on site |
| Immunochromatography | 0.6 ng/mL | (i) Detection of furazolidone in pork, shrimp, and eggs | [12] |
| (ii) High sensitivity and specificity |
| (iii) Simple operation, fast detection, and low price |
| (iv) Suitable for on-site detection |
| (v) Qualitative or semiquantitative detection |
| (vi) False-positives may be obtained because of the interference of complicated matrices |
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | 2.42–4.88 μg/kg | (i) Detection of quinolones, tetracycline, lincomycin, and streptomycin in milk | [13] |
| (ii) Simple operation, fast, high sensitivity, and high specificity |
| (iii) Prone to false-positives by the interference of autoantibodies and heterophile antibodies |
| (iv) Poor repeatability |
| (v) Greatly affected by detection time and temperature |
| (vi) High sensitivity and specificity |
| (vii) Simple operation, fast detection and low price |
| (viii) Suitable for on-site detection |
| (ix) Qualitative or semiquantitative detection |
| (x) False-positives may be obtained because of the interference of complicated matrices |
|
