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Analytical method | Tentative detection levels | Remarks | Ref. |
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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) | 0.11 μM | (i) Detection of 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole in real milk | [8] |
(ii) Nonselective |
(iii) Low sample consumption and fast response |
(iv) Simple operation, high sensitivity, strong selectivity, less interference from water |
(v) Can be used for molecular structure analysis |
(vi) On-site determination |
Capillary electrophoresis | 4.1–6.3 ng/mL | (i) Detection of ciprofloxacin in chicken muscle | [9] |
(ii) Fast analysis and high precision |
(iii) Used with a mass spectrometer, a diode array detector, and a fluorescence detector |
(iv) Sensitivity and repeatability must be improved |
Electrochemical techniques | 0.003 μM | (i) Detection of sulfanilamide in milk | [10] |
(ii) Simple operation, high sensitivity, low cost |
(iii) Low stability |
(iv) In samples with complicated matrices, problems with repeatability may occur due to deterioration of electrodes |
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | 1.46–15.5 ng/kg | (i) Detection of sulfonamides in aquaculture | [11] |
(ii) The most authoritative method in antibiotic detection |
(iii) High sensitivity and selectivity |
(iv) Requires expensive equipment |
(v) Sample preparation is time consuming |
(vi) Difficult to detect on site |
Immunochromatography | 0.6 ng/mL | (i) Detection of furazolidone in pork, shrimp, and eggs | [12] |
(ii) High sensitivity and specificity |
(iii) Simple operation, fast detection, and low price |
(iv) Suitable for on-site detection |
(v) Qualitative or semiquantitative detection |
(vi) False-positives may be obtained because of the interference of complicated matrices |
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | 2.42–4.88 μg/kg | (i) Detection of quinolones, tetracycline, lincomycin, and streptomycin in milk | [13] |
(ii) Simple operation, fast, high sensitivity, and high specificity |
(iii) Prone to false-positives by the interference of autoantibodies and heterophile antibodies |
(iv) Poor repeatability |
(v) Greatly affected by detection time and temperature |
(vi) High sensitivity and specificity |
(vii) Simple operation, fast detection and low price |
(viii) Suitable for on-site detection |
(ix) Qualitative or semiquantitative detection |
(x) False-positives may be obtained because of the interference of complicated matrices |
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