Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

Review Article

“Green” Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Sonoelectrochemical and Sonogalvanic Replacement Methods

Table 2

Conditions of the sonoelectrochemical synthesis of bimetal nanoparticles (M₁M₂NPs).


M₁M₂NPs	Precursors	Surfactant	i or E	Ultrasonic frequency (kHz)	Ultrasonic power	Particle size (nm)	Refs.

(CoNi)NPs (FeNi)NPs (FeCo)NPs	(Co, Ni, Fe)SO₄ + NH₄Cl + H₃BO₃	—	8000 A·m⁻², τ_on = τ_off = 300 ms	20, τ(US)_on = 200 ms	50 W·cm⁻²	∼100	[56]
Fe₇₅Co₂₅	FeSO₄ + CoSO₄ + NH₄Cl + H₃BO₃ + C₆H₈O₇	—	−3.0…−4.5 V	20	50 W·cm⁻²	2–4 in agglomerate 30 nm	[60]
Co₆₅Fe₃₅	FeSO₄ + CoSO₄ + NH₄Cl + H₃BO₃ + C₆H₈O₇	—	τ_on = 0.3 s, τ_off = 0.5 s	20, τ(US)_on = 0.5 s, τ(US)_off = 0.3 s	118 W·cm⁻²	NPs ∼5 nm in clusters ∼300 nm	[61]
FeCo	FeSO₄ + CoSO₄ + NaCl + H₃BO₃	Without stabilization and stabilization by NaPA	80 mA·cm⁻² τ_on = 0.35 s, τ_off = 0.75 s	20, τ(US)_on = 0.3 s, τ(US)_off = 0.7 s	76 W	8.6 ± 0.3 (10°C), 12.3 ± 0.5 (25°C), 25.1 ± 1.3 (40°C), 28.1 ± 1.4 (60°C)	[62]
FeCr	FeCl₂ + CrCl₃ + NH₄Cl + H₃BO₃ + glycine	—	120 mA·cm⁻²	20	75 W·cm⁻²	4,6 ± 0,2 (25°C), 5 ± 0,1 (40°C)	[63]
CuNi	NiSO₄ + CuSO₄ + Na₃C₆H₅O₇	—	100 mA·cm⁻², τ_on = 0.3 s, τ_off = 0.7 s	20, τ(US)_on = 0.3 s, τ(US)_off = 0.5 s	75 W	∼15	[64]
CuPt	CuSO₄ + H₂SO₄ + Na₂[PtCl₆]	—	E = −1.0 V, τ_on = 100 ms, τ_off = 200 ms	24, τ(US)_on = 100 ms, τ(US)_off = 200 ms	100 W·cm⁻²	9 ± 4 for Cu₄₂Pt₅₈. ∼10 for Cu₆₅Pt₃₅	[65]
PdFe	FeSO₄ + PdCl₂ + H₃BO₃	—	2500–5500 A·m⁻², τ_on = 100 ms, τ_off = 200 ms	20	50 W·cm⁻²	Agglomerates 50–100 nm, with individual NPs ∼5 nm	[66]
AuAg	[AuCl₄]⁻ + [AgCl₂]⁻	—	E = −0.75 V	20	100 W	∼5	[67]
WCo	CoSO₄ + Na₂WO₄ + Na₃C₆H₅O₇	SDS	τ_on = 500 ms, τ_off = 800 ms	38	80 W	100–500 ratio of W : Co in NPs was 23 : 4	[68]