[Retracted] Fluorescent Carbon Dot-Supported Imaging-Based Biomedicine: A Comprehensive Review

Table 1

In vitro and in vivo bioimaging applications using FL CDs.

Precursors/Forms	FL Color	Applied Ex/Em (nm)	Microscopic	Application	Biotarget	Ref.
Ethylenediamine (EDA) into yeast extract solution	Green	405/–	CLSM	Bacterial viability evaluation	E. coli, S. aureus	[13]
Si-QAC, glycerol	Blue	360/473	CLSM	Gram-type identification	S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis	[14]
				Gram-positive antibacterial
Pluronic F-127, 4-chlorophenylboronic acid	Blue	380/400	CLSM	Detection of glucose-containing bacteria	E. coli, S. aureus	[15]
Tulsi leaves	Blue/Yellow/Red	360/435	FM	Imaging of bacteria	E. coli, B. subtilis	[16]
Choline bicarbonate, oleic acid	Blue–red	300–500/416–556	FM	Imaging of bacteria	E. coli, Vibrio owensii, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio alginolyticus	[17]
Roasted grams	Blue–red	320–500/475–610	FM	Imaging of bacteria	E. coli	[18]
Beer yeast	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Bacterial viability evaluation	E. coli	[19]
	Green	488/–		Imaging of dead bacteria
	Red	555/–
Thiourea, TAE	Blue	380/430–470	FM	Imaging of bacteria, cells	E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, and hBEC	[20]
	Green	450/510–560
	Red	505/585–640
3-Aminophenylboronic acid, CA	Blue	360/420	CLSM	Imaging of cells	Hela	[21]
Collagen	Blue	370/–	Two-photon CLSM	Imaging of cells	RL-14	[22]
	Green	490/–
	Red	550/–
CA, urea, cupric chloride	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	MCF-7	[23]
	Green	488/–
	Red	543/–
CA, PEI	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	3T3	[24]
	Green	488/–
EDA, H3PO4	Blue	405/422	CLSM	Imaging of cells	SiHa	[25]
	Green	488/500
	Yellow	515/570
	Red	543/650
Aconitic acid, EDA	Blue	360/450	FM	Imaging of folate receptor-overexpressed cells	Hela, SMMC-7721	[26]
Sucrose, EDA, and H3PO4	Blue	402/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HepG2 cells	[27]
	Green	488/–
	Red	543/–
ATP, LaCl3	Blue	350/460	CLSM	Imaging of cells, tissue	A549, nude mice	[28]
	Green	488/500
	Red	543/650
D-Arginine, 4-Methylumbelliferone	Blue	378/452	CLSM	Imaging of cells	MC3T3	[29]
Resorcinol, EDA	Blue	230/326	CLSM	Imaging of cells	OVCAR-3, MCF-7	[30]
	Green	230/443
	Yellow
	Red
Watermelon juice, ethanol	Blue	355/439	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HepG2	[31]
Crab shells	Blue	360/450	CLSM	Imaging of cells	Hela	[32]
Diammonium hydrogen citrate, PEG-400	Blue	370/432	CLSM	Imaging of cells	BGC-823, CT26.WT	[33]
CA, dethylene glycol bis (3-aminopropyl) ether	Blue	300/440	FM	Imaging of tissue	Glioma	[34]
Lily bulbs	Blue	370/448	FM	Imaging of cells	A549	[35]
Succinic acid, glycerol	Blue	280–480/410–525	FM	Imaging of cells	KKU213	[36]
	Green
Metformin hydrochloride, glucose anhydrous	Blue	480/–	FM	Imaging of cells	CT26.WT	[37]
	Green	560/–
	Red	720/–
Urea, PEG	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	L929	[38]
	Green	488/–
	Red	543/–
Saffron	Green-blue	400/485	FM	Imaging of cells (rat)	Olfactory mucosa cells	[39]
					Bone marrow cells
Alendronate sodium	Blue	405/–	FM	Imaging of cells	BT474	[40]
	Green	488/–
EDA, starch	Blue	405/420–510	CLSM	Imaging of cells	BHK	[41]
	Green	405/490–560
	Red	405/590–750
Apple	Blue	380/490	FM	Imaging of cells	MDA-MB-231, A549, and HEK-293	[42]
Hongcaitai	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HepG2	[43]
	Green	488/–
	Red	559/–
CA, melamine	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HepG2	[44]
	Green	488/–
	Red	559/–
CA, p-phenylenediamine, borax	Blue	315/–	FM	Imaging of cells	HepG2	[45]
	Green	445/–
	Yellow	485/–
	Red	515/–
Tartaric acid, urea	Blue	–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	MDA-MB-231	[46]
	Green
	Red
Acidic cotton linter waste	Blue	390/446	FM	Imaging of cells	H2452, HUVEC	[47]
	Green	482/532
	Red	586/646
Quince fruit	-	480/518	FM	Imaging of cells	HT-29	[48]
1,6-hexanediamine	Blue	410/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	MCF-7	[49]
Dihydrochloride, dimethyl sulfoxide	Green	460/–
	Yellow	480/–
	Orange	530/–
Citrus fruit peels	Green	330–385/–	FM	Imaging of cells	MCF-7	[50]
	Yellow	450–480/–
	Red	510–550/–
Gum olibanum resin	Green	420–495/525	FM	Imaging of cells	B16F10	[51]
Adenosine disodium triphosphate	Red	543/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[52]
CA, EDA, arginine	Blue	330–380/–	FM	Imaging of cells	NIH 3T3, HEK 293, Hela, and MCF-7	[53]
	Green	460–495/–
	Red	530–550/–
Thiourea, CA, D-Glucosamine hydrochloride, and triethylamine	Green	368/505	FM	Imaging of cells	HepG2, HL-7702	[54]
Food waste	Blue	360/435	FM	Imaging of cells	HCT116	[55]
Sugarcane	Blue	405/410–460	CLSM	Imaging of cells	DU145, MCF-7, and A375	[56]
	Green	488/–500–530
	Yellow	515/–530–570
	Red	559/–575–675
Hyperbranched polysiloxane	Blue	320–380/440	FM	Imaging of cells	Mouse osteoblast	[57]
Prunus cerasifera fruits	Blue	405/450	FM	Imaging of cells	HepG2	[58]
	Green	488/–
Ginkgo fruits	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[59]
	Green	488/–
Triethylenetetramine, phenylenediamine	Green	360/510	CLSM	Imaging of cellular RNA	HEp-2	[60]
m-phenylenediamine, FA	Green	405/480–580	CLSM	Imaging of cell nucleolus	HeLa	[61]
CA, PEI	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HEK293	[62]
	Green	488/–
	Red	561/–
Chitosan, EDA, mercaptosuccinic acid, and CD-RB	Green	532/550	CLSM	Imaging of mitochondrial-targeted cells	MCF-7	[63]
Polyacrylic acid, EDA	Blue	356/520	FM	Imaging of cells	EM-6	[64]
CDs@SiO2	Green			Imaging of tissues	Onion bulb epidermal tissue
PEI, 4-formylphenylboronic acid	Blue	360/462	FM	Imaging of cells	Hela	[65]
CEL powder	Blue	320/400	CLSM	Imaging of cells	Hela	[66]
	Green	400/–
	Red	480/–
CA,	Red	488/678	CLSM	Imaging of EGFR-overexpressed cells	HCC827	[67]
5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP)					MDA-MB-231
CA, guanidine carbonate	Green	800/480	Two-photon FM	Imaging of cells	Hela	[68]
				Imaging of tissues	Rat liver tissue
Carbon powder, ammonia	Blue	405/–	FM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[69]
	Green	488/–
	Red	563/–
CA CDs-PEI-ML	Green	405/420–580	CLSM	Imaging of lysosome-targeted cells	Hela	[70]
Starch, L-tryptophan, and CD-MIPGlcA	Blue	371/452	CLSM	Imaging of hyaluronan-targeted cells	HaCaT, HeLa	[71]
	Green	445/500
p-phenylenediamine, aspartic acid	Yellow	410/535	CLSM	Imaging of cells	MIDA-MB-231, MIDA-MB-68, and RPE1	[72]
Na2EDTA, GdCl3, YbCl3, and L-arginine	Blue	340/418	FM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[73]
DL-malic acid	Cyan	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	Trout gill epithelial cells.	[74]
	Purple	488/–
	Green	514/–
	Red	561/–
Carbon glassy, PEG-200	Green	405/420–637	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HT29, A549	[75]
CA, EDA, GdCl3, and YbCl3	Blue	405/450	CLSM	Imaging of cells	Hela, NIH-3T3, and CHO	[76]
Adenosine triphosphate, graphene oxide	Green	488/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	A549	[77]
	Red	543/–		Imaging of bacteria	S. aureus
CA, PEI, GdCl3, and DTPA	Blue	354/445	FM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[78]
CA, thiourea, and 3-amino phenyl boronic acid	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HepG2, L929	[79]
	Green	488/–
	Red	546/–
ZIF-8	Green	405/503	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[80]
p-phenylenediamine	Orange	514/633	CLSM	Imaging of tissues	Arabidopsis thaliana leaf	[81]
PEI600, poly(tetrafluoroethylene)	Blue	348/460	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa, 7702	[82]
Polythiophene phenylpropionic acid	Red	543/610	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[83]
Cds@Au
L-asparagine	Blue	370/449	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[84]
CA, urea, and laurylamine	Blue	360/430	CLSM	Imaging of lysosome-targeted, endoplasmic reticulum-targeted cells	MCF-7	[85]
Bamboo leaves	Green	488/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[86]
CDs-CBBA-Dox				Imaging-guided chemotherapy
p-phenylenediamine, phosphoric acid, and Mn(OAC)2	Red	530/600	CLSM	Imaging of cells	B16F1, HeLa	[87]
o-phenylenediamine	Yellow, Green	465/570	FM	Imaging of cells	HepG2	[88]
CA, EDA, and ginsenoside Re	Blue	360–380/–	FM	Imaging of cells	A375	[89]
	Green	460–480/–
	Red	510–530/–
AEAPMS	Green	473/–	FM	Measurement of cells	Macrophages	[90]
GNR@SiO2@CD
m-Phenylenediamine	Blue	360/444	CLSM	Imaging of cells	MCF-7	[91]
o-Phenylenediamine	Yellow	450/533
p-Phenylenediamine	Orange	530/574
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone), L-cysteine	Blue	350–400/420–470	CLSM	Imaging of cells	Tramp C1	[92]
	Green	460–490/520
	Red	510–550/590
Platanus biomass	Blue	360/476	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa, L02, and macrophages	[93]
Cyanobacteria powder	Green	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	PC12	[94]
Diammonium hydrogen citrate, urea	Green	420/537	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[95]
CA, EDA	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	CNE-1, HEK-293T	[96]
	Green	488/–
	Red	640/–
L-cystine, o-phenylenediamine	Orange	560/595	CLSM	Imaging of cells	293T	[97]
	Red	560/628
Protamine sulfate, PEG	Blue	405/–	FM	Imaging of cells	HEK-293	[98]
	Green	488/–
	Red	594/–
Methyl red, EDA	Blue	–/470	CLSM	Imaging of fungi	C. gloeosporioides	[99]
	Green	–/511
	Yellow	–/530
Acacia concinna	Blue	405/–	CLSM	Imaging of fungi	Penicillium sp.	[100]
	Green	488/–
	Red	561/–
Manilkara zapota	Blue	350/443	CLSM	Imaging of bacteria	E. coli	[101]
	Green	420/515		Imaging of fungi	Aspergillus aculeatus, Fomitopsis sp.
	Yellow	440/563
L-cysteine, m-PD	Green	488/>515	FM	Imaging of nucleolus	MGC-803, Mel-RM, H7, HeLa, and SKOV3	[102]
				Cancer/normal cell differentiation	GES-1, FB, and HEM-d
CA, urea	Yellow	542/612	CLSM	Imaging of nucleolus	HeLa cells	[103]
Carbon NPs, p-phenylenediamine	Green	488/500–560	CLSM	Imaging of nucleolus dsDNA	HeLa, A549	[104]
	Red	543/570–650		Imaging of nucleolus ssRNA	C. elegans
				dsDNA/ssRNA differentiation
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, betaine hydrochloride	Red	520/600	In vivo imaging system	Imaging of stem cells	Human mesenchymal stromal cells - mice	[105]
P. acidus fruit	Blue	400/–	FM	In vivo imaging of nematode	C. elegans	[106]
	Green	470/–
	Red	550/–
p-phenylenediamine PDA@N-CDs(Mn)	Red	550/620	In vivo imaging system	In vivo imaging of tumor	A549 tumor-bearing mice	[107]
p-phenylenediamine, NiCl2Ni−pPCDs	Red	520/605	CLSM	Imaging of nucleolus-targeted cells	A549	[108]
			In vivo imaging of tumor	In vivo imaging of tumor	Zebrafish
					U14 tumor-bearing mice
Coal tar CDs-liposome	Orange	535/605	CLSM	Imaging of cells	HeLa	[109]
			In vivo imaging system	In vivo imaging of tumor	HeLa tumor-bearing mice
Carbon nanopowder, EDA, and glycerin	Green	400/486	FM	Imaging of bone	Zebrafish	[110]
Aniline, EDA, urea	Green	410/510	FM	In vivo imaging	Zebrafish	[111]
CV acetate, wax-like PEG sample, SiC powders	Red	520/620	In vivo imaging system	In vivo imaging of tumor	Tumor-bearing mice	[112]
Wheat straw and bamboo residues	Blue	420/–	CLSM	Imaging of cells	SP2/0	[113]
	Red	540/–	In vivo imaging system	In vivo imaging of tumor	Smmc-7721 tumor-bearing mice
CA, H3PO4, EDA	Green	340/430	FM	Imaging of cells	RAW 264.7	[114]
	Red	450/500	In vivo imaging system	In vivo imaging of tumor	SGC7901 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice