Metabolic Control Analysis: A Tool for Designing Strategies to Manipulate Metabolic Pathways

Table 2

GSH and phytochelatin synthesis enzymes overexpression in plants and yeasts.

Overexpressed enzyme (activity fold)	Organism (experimental condition)	Metabolite	Reference
		(increment fold)
ATP sulfurylase (2.1)	Brassica juncea	2.1 [GSH]	[37]
ATP sulfurylase (4.8)	Tobacco (unstressed)	1.3 [SO4^2−]	[38]
O-acetyl-serine thiol-lyase (2.5)	Tobacco (unstressed)	2 [Cys]	[39]
		0 [GSH]
Serine acetyl transferase (>10)	Potato chloroplasts (unstressed)	2 [Cys]	[40]
		0 [GSH]
E. coli GS (90)	Populus tremula (unstressed)	0 [GSH]	[34]
GS (3)	S. cerevisiae (unstressed)	0 [GSH]	[41]
E. coli γ-ECS (>2)	Brassica juncea (unstressed)	0 [GSH]	[35]
	B. juncea (+100 𝜇M C d2+)	4 [GSH]^(a)
γ-ECS (2.1)	S. cerevisiae (unstressed))	1.3 [GSH]	[42]
E. coli γ-ECS (50)	Populus tremula (unstressed)	4.6 [GSH]	[34]
E. coli γ-ECS (4.9)	Brassica juncea (unstressed)	3.5 [GSH]^(b)	[43]
	B. juncea (+200 𝜇M C d2+)	1.5 [GSH]^(b)
E. coli γ-ECS (40)	Tobacco (unstressed)	>4 [GSH]	[44]
γ-ECS (9.1) + GS (18)	S. cerevisiae (unstressed)	1.8 [GSH]	[45]
PCS (>2)	Arabidopsis thaliana (+85 𝜇M C d2+)	0 [GSH]	[36]
Vacuolar transporter of PC-Cd complexes (>2)	S. pombe	Higher Cd^2+	[46]
		resistance

^(a)The increase was only in roots with no effect on shoots. ^(b)The increase was only in shoots with no effect on roots.