Robust Design of Biological Circuits: Evolutionary Systems Biology Approach

Figure 1

An example of a biological module. The substrate 𝑆 is designed to bind an enzyme 𝐸 essential for the reaction, which can be triggered by the input signals, say 𝑢₁ and 𝑢₂, cooperatively. In the biologic process, the two proteins can combine together to form a complex 𝐶 which then breaks down into the production 𝑃 with 𝐸 being released. The presence of production 𝑃 alone leads to the synthesis of the output signal, the reporter protein GFP.