Autophagic and Apoptotic Effects of HDAC Inhibitors on Cancer Cells

Table 2

Characteristic features of programmed cell death.

Programmed cell death (PCD)	Feature	Key regulators	Measurements
Apoptosis (type I PCD)	Chromatin condensation	Caspases	Caspase activation
	DNA laddering	Cytochrome c	DNA fragmentation
	Blebbing (nuclear, cytoplasmic); Apoptotic bodies	Bcl-2 family members	Annexin V
Autophagy (type II PCD)	Blebbing	Autophagy. genes: beclin, LC3, Atg1, Atg5, and Atg7	LC3 localization
	Autophagic vesicles
	Degradation of Golgi		Autophagic vesicles
	No DNA laddering
Necrosis (type III PCD)	Swollen organelles	RIPK1, TRAF2, PARP, and Calpains	Extracellular HMGB1
	Random DNA degradation
	Cytoplasmic membrane rupture		S100 family members
	Potent inflammatory response