Phyllanthus wightianus Müll. Arg.: A Potential Source for Natural Antimicrobial Agents

Table 2

Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of P. wightianus.

S. number	Organisms	Method	Diameter of zone of inhibition (in mm)^#
			Methanol	Acetone	Ethyl acetate	Chloroform	Hexane	Control*
1	Bacillus subtilis; (MTCC 441)	Well	09.42 ± 0.52^b	07.96 ± 0.08^b	6.66 ± 0.58^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	29.74 ± 0.44^c
		Disc	08.71 ± 0.51^c	06.53 ± 0.50^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	8.33 ± 0.58^c	08.33 ± 0.58^c	15.94 ± 0.10^d
2	Escherichia coli; (MTCC 739)	Well	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	27.56 ± 0.51^b
		Disc	07.71 ± 0.51^b	07.67 ± 0.58^b	07.62 ± 0.65^b	08.67 ± 0.58^b	08.70 ± 0.61^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a
3	Klebsiella  pneumoniae; (MTCC 109)	Well	09.52 ± 0.50^b	10.72 ± 0.63^c	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	29.54 ± 0.51^d
		Disc	09.60 ± 0.36^c	08.00 ± 0.08^b	09.83 ± 0.48^c	08.67 ± 0.58^b,c	08.72 ± 0.63^b,c	00.00 ± 0.00^a
4	Proteus vulgaris; (MTCC 426)	Well	09.56 ± 0.45^b	10.96 ± 0.08^c	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	24.65 ± 0.36^d
		Disc	09.82 ± 0.32^d	08.74 ± 0.65^c,d	07.67 ± 0.58^b,c	07.05 ± 0.93^b	07.51 ± 0.50^b,c	00.00 ± 0.00^a
5	Pseudomonas aeruginosa; (MTCC 741)	Well	12.75 ± 0.66^b	11.65 ± 0.56^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	22.67 ± 0.58^c
		Disc	11.75 ± 0.44^d	09.83 ± 0.30^c	6.88 ± 0.43^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	09.64 ± 0.40^c	00.00 ± 0.00^a
6	Salmonella  typhimurium; (MTCC 98)	Well	09.59 ± 0.66^c	11.77 ± 0.68^d	08.47 ± 0.50^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	08.47 ± 0.50^b	29.96 ± 0.08^e
		Disc	09.67 ± 0.58^c	08.70 ± 0.61^b,c	08.59 ± 0.71^b,c	07.27 ± 1.10^b	07.87 ± 0.23^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a
7	Shigella  flexneri; (MTCC 1457)	Well	13.80 ± 0.35^d	12.77 ± 0.68^d	07.81 ± 0.33^c	06.51 ± 0.50^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	15.67 ± 0.58^e
		Disc	13.84 ± 0.28^d	11.77 ± 0.68^c	07.82 ± 0.45^b	07.78 ± 0.47^b	08.85 ± 0.25^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a
8	Streptococcus  pneumoniae; (MTCC 655)	Well	29.71 ± 0.51^c	28.55 ± 0.51^c	10.73 ± 0.64^b	08.67 ± 0.58^a	08.00 ± 1.00^a	34.67 ± 0.58^d
		Disc	18.85 ± 0.25^d	14.54 ± 0.50^c	08.13 ± 0.13^a	08.67 ± 0.58^a,b	09.50 ± 0.50^b	19.52 ± 0.50^d
9	Staphylococcus epidermidis; (MTCC 435)	Well	17.83 ± 0.29^b	10.73 ± 0.64^a	17.00 ± 1.00^b	10.67 ± 0.58^a	11.84 ± 0.77^a	29.83 ± 0.29^c
		Disc	17.93 ± 0.12^b	18.33 ± 0.58^b	07.67 ± 0.58^a	07.87 ± 0.23^a	08.67 ± 0.58^a	17.80 ± 0.72^b
10	Proteus vulgaris	Well	00.00 ± 0.00^a	07.77 ± 0.39^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	21.84 ± 0.27^c
		Disc	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	10.75 ± 0.67^b
11	Serratia marcescens	Well	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	08.33 ± 0.32^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	24.67 ± 0.58^c
		Disc	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	12.42 ± 1.01^b
Fungal cultures
1	C. albicans	Well	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.000 ± 0.0	00.00 ± 0.00^a
		Disc	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a
2	C. neoformans	Well	10.41 ± 0.52^d	07.56 ± 0.39^c	09.78 ± 0.39^d	06.51 ± 0.50^b	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a
		Disc	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	27.29 ± 10.3^b
3	M. racemosus	Well	07.67 ± 0.58^b	09.07 ± 0.40^b,c	09.67 ± 0.58^b,c	09.73 ± 0.46^b,c	10.67 ± 0.58^c	00.00 ± 0.00^a
		Disc	00.00 ± 0.00^a	00.00 ± 0.00^a	07.93 ± 0.12^c	06.80 ± 0.35^b	09.07 ± 0.12^c	00.00 ± 0.00^a
4	A. niger	Well	09.67 ± 0.58^d	07.93 ± 0.12^b,c	09.77 ± 0.40^c,d	07.77 ± 0.25^b	09.57 ± 0.51^d	00.00 ± 0.00^a
		Disc	07.80 ± 0.35^b,c	06.67 ± 0.58^b	07.67 ± 0.58^b,c	00.00 ± 0.00^a	08.67 ± 0.58^d	00.00 ± 0.00^a

∗Standard antibiotics (in well diffusion: ciprofloxacin (1 mg mL⁻¹) for bacteria and fluconazole (1 mg mL⁻¹) for fungus; in disc diffusion: gentamicin, vancomycin, and ampicillin (10 mcg/disc) for bacteria and fluconazole (10 mcg/disc) for fungus). ^#The values are mean of triplicates with standard deviations (mean ± S.D; 𝑛=3). Different superscript letters (a–e) in rows indicate significant differences (at 𝑃<0.05) when subject to Tukey’s multiple comparison test.