Serial Serum Leukocyte Apoptosis Levels as Predictors of Outcome in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury
Table 2
Prognostic factors of patients with acute traumatic brain injury.
Good outcome ()
Poor outcome ()
value
Odds Ratio
95% CI (lower, upper)
Age (y), median (IQR)
35 (21, 54)
48 (19, 52.5)
0.978
Male
49
6
1.000
1.224
0.285, 5.265
Underlying diseases
Hypertension
8
0
1.000
NA
NA
Diabetes mellitus
3
0
1.000
NA
NA
Alcoholism
8
1
1.000
1.109
0.122, 10.048
Smoking
7
1
1.000
1.285
0.139, 11.825
Clinical feature at presentation
Posttraumatic amnesia
16
2
1.000
1.125
0.213, 5.943
Brief unconsciousness
42
9
0.009
NA
NA
Motor deficits
9
8
≤0.001
62.222
6.952, 556.89
GCS at presentation, median (IQR)
15 (14, 15)
7 (5.5, 10)
≤0.001
Severity of traumatic brain injury
≤0.001
Mild
67
1
Moderate
7
1
Severe
5
7
Injury Severity Score at presentation, median (IQR)
16 (11, 18)
24 (16.5, 26)
0.001
Laboratory data at presentation, Median (IQR)
WBC (103/mL)
12.5 (10.3, 15.9)
19 (13.9, 22.4)
0.015
Platelet counts (103/mL)
209 (157, 274)
237 (112, 348)
0.416
Brain images findings at presentation
Depressed skull fracture
1
1
0.195
9.75
0.555, 171.226
Pneumocranium
7
2
0.229
2.939
0.509, 16.956
Traumatic SAH
40
5
1.000
1.219
0.304, 4.877
Subdural hemorrhage
26
8
0.002
16.307
1.935, 137.387
Epidural hemorrhage
14
2
0.665
1.326
0.248, 7.076
Parenchymal contusion hemorrhage
18
2
0.97
0.968
0.184, 5.077
Neurosurgical intervention
10
8
≤0.001
55.2
6.226, 489.331
Total Leukocyte apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
15.58 (10.98, 19.35)
12.86 (9.91, 20.65)
0.407
APO2.7 (%)
1.61 (0.97, 2.66)
1.66 (1.17, 2.50)
0.960
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
3.48 (2.2, 5.55)
5.76 (2.04, 8.02)
0.282
Neutrophil apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
19.22 (14.95, 26.51)
11.27 (8.24, 25.73)
0.068
APO2.7 (%)
0.97 (0.55, 1.97)
0.6 (0.29, 1.21)
0.154
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
2.48 (1.09, 6.15)
1.69 (0.91, 2.91)
0.160
Lymphocyte apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
6.26 (4.85, 8.85)
8.19 (5.72, 14.4)
0.136
APO2.7 (%)
0.74 (0.44, 1.17)
1.35 (0.76, 3.41)
0.058
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
1.44 (1.11, 2.17)
4.81 (1.84, 6.17)
0.004
Monocyte apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
20.52 (15.93, 26.75)
13.67 (10.89, 22.66)
0.091
APO2.7 (%)
4.16 (1.94, 7.46)
8.71 (1.70, 21.89)
0.419
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
4.79 (3.32, 7.12)
11.94 (4.12, 21.89)
0.022
Acute neurosurgical complications
Newly onset of neurological deficit
3
1
0.356
3.166
0.293, 34.131
Deterioration of consciousness
5
2
0.149
4.228
0.689, 25.935
Posttraumatic seizure
6
3
0.046
6.083
1.207, 30.637
Days of ICU stay
2 (0, 3)
11 (8.5, 16.5)
≤0.001
Days of hospitalization
9 (7, 13)
17.5 (11, 24.25)
0.001
CI: confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow Outcome Scale; IQR: interquartile range; 7-AAD: 7-amino-actinomycin D. Data are presented either as absolute numbers or as medians with the interquartile range. Statistical significance was set at a level of 5. Statistical variance between groups was assessed by Fisher’s exact test for discrete variables and by the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables.
