Cholesteryl Pullulan Encapsulated TNF-α Nanoparticles Are an Effective Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant against Influenza Virus

Figure 2

Adjuvant effects of TNF/CHP nanoparticles administered nasally. Mice were administered IVV (0.3 μg/mouse) and TNF/CHP nanoparticles (5 μg/mouse as TNF-α) or CTB (0.8 μg/mouse) nasally once a week 4 times. The nasal wash and blood plasma were prepared from the mice and the levels of IVV-specific IgA and IgG₁ were determined by ELISA. (a) IgA levels in nasal wash, (b) IgG₁ levels in blood plasma, and (c) HI titer in blood plasma against different HA types of influenza virus. Blue column, type A/H1N1; red column, type A/H3N2; and green column, type B. (mean ± SEM, ). versus saline/IVV; versus free TNF/IVV.

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