The Roles of Hedgehog Signaling in Upper Lip Formation

Table 1

Mouse mutants that were used for investigating Shh signaling and lip development.

Mutated gene	Type of mutation	Phenotype	Reference
Patched1	ENU	CL	[7]
Patched1	CKO (neural crest)	CL	[33]
Smo	CKO (neural crest)	Truncated face	[35]
Shh	Ectoderm overexpression	Malformed lip	[36]
Boc, Gas1	Double KO	CL/P	[31]
Kif3a	CKO (neural crest)	Hypertelorism, CP	[41]
Ift172	ENU	CP	[42]
Ift144	ENU	CL/P	[44]

ENU: N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. CKO: conditional knockout. KO: knockout. CL: cleft lip. CP: cleft palate. CL/P: cleft lip and palate.