Construction Formula of Biological Age Using the Principal Component Analysis

Table 3

Biomarkers of ageing.

Organ system	Biomarker	Epidemiologic studies
Cardiovascular system	Pulse pressure	[12, 25]
	Systolic blood pressure	[11, 17–23]
	Heart rate	[17, 18]
	Intima-media thickness	[12, 24, 25]
	Maximum internal diameter of carotid artery	[24, 25]
	End diastolic velocity	[12]
	Mitral valve annulus ventricular septum of the peak velocity of early filling	[24]
	Mitral valve annulus lateral wall of peak velocity of early filling	[12]
	Mitral annulus peak E anterior wall	[25]
	Ratio of peak velocity of early filling to atrial filling	[12]
Respiratory system		[11, 23]
	Forced expiratory volume in 1 s	[11, 20–23]
	Forced vital capacity	[17–19]
	Maximal midexpiratory flow rate 75/25	[24]
Nervous system	Trail making test	[24]
	Digital symbol test	[25]
Renal system	Blood urea nitrogen	[17–19, 21–23]
	Cystatin C	[12, 24, 25]
Liver	Serum albumin	[21–23]
	Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase	[17, 18]
	Glutamic pyruvic transaminase	[19]
	Ratio of albumin to globulin	[20]
	Lactate dehydrogenase	[17–19]
Hematologic system	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate	[23]
	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	[20]
	Red blood cell count	[22]
	Hematocrit	[21]
	Haemoglobin concentration	[18, 19]
	Fibrinogen	[12]
Metabolism	Glycosylated hemoglobin	[23]
	Glucose	[19, 20]
	Low density cholesterol	[23]
	Atherogenic index	[17, 18]
	Triglyceride	[18]
	Total cholesterol concentration	[19]
Muscle and fat	Grip strength	[11]
	Soft lean mass	[11]
	Waist circumference	[11, 23]
	Percent body fat	[23]
Sensory system	Hearing threshold	[23]
Genetic index	Telomere restriction fragment	[25]