Dietary Fructose Activates Insulin Signaling and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue: Modulatory Role of Resveratrol
Table 2
Effects of long-term dietary fructose (Fruc), resveratrol (Res), and their combinations (Res + Fruc) on some metabolic parameters and plasma insulin, triglyceride, estradiol, and free testosterone and total testosterone of male and female rats.
Groups
Control
Res
Fruc
Res + Fruc
Terminal body weight (g)
Male
370 ± 10.7
335 ± 4.1
415 ± 6.5
371 ± 5.1
Female
249 ± 6.7
227 ± 7.5
260 ± 1.8
235 ± 1.5
Food intake (g/day)
Male
20.74 ± 0.83
24.6 ± 1.1
20.5 ± 1.1
21.9 ± 1.1
Female
14.4 ± 0.8
18.3 ± 0.6
12.7 ± 0.5
12.8 ± 0.4
Liquid intake (mL/day)
Male
46.5 ± 2.1
61.2 ± 2.4
56.8 ± 1.6
55.9 ± 1.6
Female
32.9 ± 0.9
38.9 ± 1.3
38.1 ± 1.3
37.8 ± 1.3
Total caloric intake (kcal)
Male
72.6 ± 2.9
86.1 ± 3.8
94.9 ± 4.2
99.5 ± 4.5
Female
50.5 ± 2.9
64.1 ± 2.2
60.1 ± 2.2
60.3 ± 2.1
Resveratrol intake (mg/kg bw)
Male
—
36 ± 1.2
—
29 ± 0.8
Female
—
40 ± 2.1
—
27 ± 0.5
Fructose intake (g/day)
Male
—
—
5.7 ± 0.2
5.6 ± 0.2
Female
—
—
3.8 ± 0.1
3.8 ± 0.1
Omentum weight/body weight (%)
Male
0.53 ± 0.02
0.57 ± 0.03
1.39 ± 0.32
0.95 ± 0.10
Female
0.88 ± 0.04
0.59 ± 0.03
1.64 ± 0.23
1.20 ± 0.09
Glucose (mg/dL)
Male
129.5 ± 10.9
95.3 ± 6.1
129.4 ± 19.1
113.8 ± 8.6
Female
103.7 ± 3.7
87.6 ± 4.2
113.2 ± 7.8
100.9 ± 2.3
Insulin (ng/mL)
Male
0.48 ± 0.13
0.40 ± 0.09
4.38 ± 0.52
1.28 ± 0.27
Female
0.33 ± 0.08
0.29 ± 0.05
4.97 ± 0.34
2.08 ± 0.66
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
Male
88.9 ± 9.4
49.2 ± 4.6
132.8 ± 8.5
57.4 ± 6.9
Female
81.6 ± 8.4
64 ± 8.3
205.1 ± 27.2
102.9 ± 14.1#†
Estradiol (pg/mL)
Male
11.7 ± 1.3
9.3 ± 1.1
13 ± 2.3
9.9 ± 1.2
Female
41.6 ± 13
49.2 ± 10.6
33.8 ± 8.7
43.1 ± 6.9
Free testosterone (pg/mL)
Male
25.7 ± 0.6
23.1 ± 0.9
23.1 ± 1.9
29.3 ± 1
Female
2.5 ± 0.17
3.1 ± 0.09
2.9 ± 0.09
2.7 ± 0.02
Total testosterone (ng/mL)
Male
3 ± 0.01
3.1 ± 0.12
2.7 ± 0.12
3 ± 0.1
Female
0.29 ± 0.01
0.29 ± 0.01
0.3 ± 0.01
0.27 ± 0.02
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, –12. Significantly different () compared to control group. Significantly different () compared to fructose group. Significantly different () compared to male group.
