High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Variability Is Correlated with the Occurrence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the First Decade following a Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A New Biomarker from Old Measurement
Table 3
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the low- and high-risk groups as determined by BP visit-to-visit variability.
Low-risk group ()
High-risk group ()
value
Age at DM diagnosis (y)
52.5 ± 10.3
57.2 ± 10.6
<0.001
Sex (male, %)
296 (47.3)
94 (47.2)
0.528
Smoking (none/former/current)
480/36/110
148/13/38
0.808
Hypertension (%)
449 (71.7)
180 (90.5)
<0.001
Hyperlipidemia (%)
600 (95.8)
193 (97.0)
0.313
Body mass index (kg/m2)
26.8 ± 3.9
27.0 ± 3.9
0.521
Number of measurements
44.8 ± 24.4
45.4 ± 26.0
0.772
SD of BMI (kg/m2)
1.0 ± 0.5
1.2 ± 0.6
<0.001
Average SBP (mmHg)
135.3 ± 9.6
141.3 ± 10.7
<0.001
Number of measurements
61.8 ± 27.6
68.6 ± 34.1
0.004
SD of SBP (mmHg)
13.3 ± 2.6
19.5 ± 3.3
<0.001
Maximum of SBP (mmHg)
170.1 ± 15.9
188.4 ± 15.1
<0.001
Delta SBP (mmHg)
65.1 ± 20.0
96.0 ± 27.1
<0.001
Average DBP (mmHg)
73.1 ± 6.0
74.7 ± 7.1
0.002
SD of DBP (mmHg)
6.8 ± 1.5
9.7 ± 2.3
<0.001
Maximum of DBP (mmHg)
91.3 ± 9.4
101.9 ± 12.9
<0.001
Delta DBP (mmHg)
34.4 ± 11.6
50.0 ± 16.7
<0.001
Hemoglobin (%)
7.5 ± 1.0
7.7 ± 1.1
0.019
Number of measurements
35.4 ± 10.7
32.0 ± 11.3
<0.001
SD of Hemoglobin (%)
0.9 ± 0.6
1.1 ± 0.5
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
192.3 ± 26.7
197.2 ± 33.7
0.034
Number of measurements
12.0 ± 5.8
11.3 ± 6.9
0.147
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)
38.5 ± 10.7
38.4 ± 10.5
0.877
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)
118.6 ± 19.7
118.4 ± 21.0
0.877
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
147.0 ± 106.8
159.8 ± 127.0
0.1640
Average creatinine
0.89 ± 0.4
1.3 ± 1.2
<0.001
Number of measurements
13.6 ± 5.1
15.8 ± 9.5
<0.001
SD of creatinine
0.1 ± 0.3
0.3 ± 0.4
<0.001
Clinical events during the 10-year follow-up period
PAD (%)
64 (10.2)
50 (25.1)
<0.001
Interval from DM diagnosis (y)
8.1 ± 2.0
7.7 ± 2.5
0.403
(%)
73 (11.7)
50 (25.1)
<0.001
Interval from DM diagnosis (y)
5.4 ± 2.8
4.9 ± 3.5
0.388
CAD or MI (%)
24 (3.8)
14 (7.0)
0.051
Interval from DM diagnosis (y)
5.4 ± 2.7
3.7 ± 3.3
0.094
TIA or stroke (%)
51 (8.1)
37 (18.6)
<0.001
Interval from DM diagnosis (y)
5.3 ± 2.9
5.4 ± 3.4
0.903
Recurrent TIA or stroke events
0.2 ± 0.5
0.4 ± 0.8
0.152
Total follow-up (months)
148.6 ± 15.2
146.4 ± 18.4
0.098
DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; MI, myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischemic attack; CKD, chronic kidney disease. as cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and parkinsonism that required medical treatment and long-term follow-up.
