Socioeconomic Status, Frailty, and All-Cause Mortality in Korean Older Adults: A 3-Year Population-Based Prospective Study
Table 2
Baseline characteristics of socioeconomic status (SES) and frailty-based subgroups.
High SES plus nonfrailty ( = 3,781/47.5%)
Low SES plus nonfrailty ( = 3,556/44.7%)
High SES plus frailty ( = 227/2.9%)
Low SES plus frailty ( = 396/5.0%)
value
Sex (% female)
1,934 (56.5)
1,673 (56.0)
141 (66.8)
184 (61.1)
0.008
Age (years)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
<0.001
Household income (10,000 won)
<0.001
Education, (%)
<0.001
Uneducated
782 (22.8)
1,093 (36.6)
91 (43.1)
171 (57.0)
Elementary school
1,279 (37.3)
1,162 (38.9)
79 (37.4)
84 (28.0)
Middle-to-high school
983 (28.7)
627 (21.0)
30 (14.2)
38 (12.7)
College or higher
381 (11.1)
108 (3.6)
11 (5.2)
7 (2.3)
Frequency of weekly alcohol intake, (%)
<0.001
<1
2,557 (74.7)
2,182 (73.0)
180 (85.3)
254 (84.4)
1-2
625 (18.2)
524 (17.5)
19 (9.0)
28 (9.3)
≥3
243 (7.1)
285 (9.5)
12 (5.7)
19 (6.3)
Past/current smokers, (%)
1,111 (32.4)
1,082 (36.2)
57 (27.0)
110 (36.5)
0.001
Nutritional status (score)
<0.001
Number of comorbidities
<0.001
Number of medications
<0.001
K-IADL (score)
<0.001
MMSE-KC (score)
<0.001
Fall experience, (%)
454 (13.3)
427 (14.3)
71 (33.6)
103 (34.2)
<0.001
SES: socioeconomic status; BMI: body mass index, K-IADL: Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE-KC: Mini-Mental State Examination in Korean of the CERAD assessment packet.
