Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy versus Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery for Upper Urinary Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 4

Clavien-Dindo Classification for surgical complication.

Surgical complications classification	Description	For example
Grade I	Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions.	Bleeding, pain, fever, vomiting, tachycardia, hyperkalemia, and so forth.
Grade II	Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications.	Minor pelvic/ureter perforation, hypertension requiring nicardipine, urinary tract infection, subcapsular hematoma, and so forth.
Grade III	Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention.	Embolization, steinstrasse, and so forth.
Grade IV	Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications)^‡ requiring IC/ICU-management	Shock and so forth.
Grade V	Death of a patient.	Death and so forth.