The Immunomodulatory Imbalance in Patients with Ketamine Cystitis

Figure 2

Elevated CD4⁺1 (IFN-), 2 (IL-4 and IL-5), and 17 (IL-17a) populations in human PBMC of KC patients versus healthy volunteers. Peripheral T cells were stimulated with 1 ng/ml PMA, 1 μM ionomycin, and 3 μM monensin. Intracellular staining (FACS) was done after 6 hours. Some representative FACS plots are given in (b).

(a)

(b)