Research Article

The Immunomodulatory Imbalance in Patients with Ketamine Cystitis

Figure 3

Effects of ketamine on inflammatory cytokines production by serum cytokine analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, where . KC patient shows significantly higher concentrations of cytokines IL-6 (a), TNF-α, IFN- (b) and significantly lower concentrations of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 (c). , , and .
(a)
(b)
(c)