The Immunomodulatory Imbalance in Patients with Ketamine Cystitis

Figure 5

Schematic representation for the relationship between T cell pathways and their effector cytokines in ketamine cystitis patients. Ketamine may cause acute inflammation through 1 pathway. Ketamine may also promote IL-6 generation which links to the generation or maintenance of 17 cell effector functions and then causes tissue destruction and collagen deposition. IL-6 promotes the differentiation of 2 cells by enhancing endogenous IL-4 production and increases the production of IgE. IL-6 may also suppress cells and therefore sustain the activation of 1 and 2 cells. Reinforced feedback of IL-6 increases the production of IL-1β and IL-17 from CD4+ T cells.