BioMed Research International

Research Article

Virtual Reality Telerehabilitation for Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease: A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Table 5

Descriptive and inferential statistics for clinical outcome measures.
Outcomes Before T0After T1Follow-up T2Intervention phase Repeated-measures ANOVA Post hoc analysis
Mean 
(SD)		Mean 
(SD)		Mean 
(SD)		Between-group difference (95% CI) 
mean (LB, UB)		GroupTimeTime × groupBetween-group differences Within-group differences
             TeleWiiSIBT
TeleWiiSIBTTeleWiiSIBTTeleWiiSIBTAfterFUAfter FU After FU After FU
Primary outcome
BBS 
(0–56)		48.63 
(6.31)		45.61 
(7.97)		52.37 
(3.29)		49.82 
(5.70)		51.84 
(4.53)		49.66 
(6.59)		2.54 
(0.41, 4.67)		2.18 
(−0.40, 4.77)		0.0<0.00n.s.0.0n.s<0.000.00<0.00<0.00
Secondary outcomes
ABC 
(0–100)		70.31 
(18.17)		64.12 
(21.37)		79.62 
(14.16)		72.52 
(21.20)		76.34 
(15.98)		71.73 
(19.92)		7.10 
(−1.16, 15.36)		4.61 
(−3.65, 12.87)		n.s.<0.00n.s.n.s.n.s.<0.00<0.00<0.00<0.00
10-MW 
(m/s)		1.59 
(0.49)		1.46 
(0.42)		1.62 
(0.43)		1.60 
(0.44)		1.57 
(0.42)		1.52 
(0.37)		0.35 
(-0.16, 0.23)		0.04 
(−0.14, 0.22)		n.s.0.0n.s.n.s.n.s.n.sn.s.0.035n.s
DGI20.39 
(2.56)		19.34 
(2.49)		21.24 
(2.56)		21.18 
(2.15)		21.32 
(2.81)		21.05 
(2.54)		0.53 
(−1.03, 1.13)		0.26 
(−0.96, 1.49)		n.s.<0.000.0n.s.n.s.0.000.00<0.00<0.00
Falls 
(number)		0.58 
(1.44)		1.84 
(5.30)		0.38 
(1.33)		0.61 
(1.81)		0.29 
(0.94)		0.81 
(3.31)		−0.23 
(−0.95, 0.49)		−0.52 
(−1.65, 0.60)		n.s.n.sn.sn.s.n.s.n.s.0.03n.s.n.s.
PDQ-830.72 
(15.54)		30.53 
(16.04)		24.16 
(14.78)		24.21 
(15.85)		25,82 
(14.89)		23.91 
(13.20)		−0.05 
(−7.06, 6.95)		1.90 
(−4.52, 8.34)		n.s.<0.00n.s.n.s.n.s.<0.000.00.010.00
Before: pretreatment; after: posttreatment; FU: one-month follow-up; SD: standard deviation; TeleWii: telerehabilitation using virtual reality-based training; SIBT sensory integration balance training; : value; BBS: Berg Balance Scale (higher score indicates better performance); falls, number of falls in the previous month; ABC: Activities Balance Confidence scale (higher score indicates better performance); 10-MWT, 10-Meter Walking Test; DGI, Dynamic Gait Index; PDQ-8, Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life questionnaire; CI: confidence interval; LB: lower bound; UB: upper bound; ANOVA: analysis of variance; significant. For repeated-measures ANOVA, value is significant if <0.05. For post hoc analysis, is significant if <0.025.