Antimicrobial Activity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Opportunistic Microorganisms: A Systematic Review

Figure 2

Diagram of the probable mechanism of antimicrobial action for cerium oxide nanoparticulates on the cell membrane. Candida albicans; (b) the cell wall of the fungus formed by monoproteins, insoluble glycan and chitin. Phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane with glycan synthase and ergosterol. (c) Adsorption of cerium oxide nanoparticles, reduction of Ce⁴⁺ to Ce³⁺, elevation of pH, and oxidative stress of the fungus.