BioMed Research International

Research Article

Serum Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 Levels Are Independently Associated with Radioisotope Glomerular Filtration Rate in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 1

Characteristics of the T2DM patients and controls according to albuminuria stratums.


	Control	T2DM	T2DM			P^‡
	Control	T2DM	Normoalbuminuria UACR < 30 μg/mg	Microalbuminuria 30 μg/mg ≤ UACR < 300 μg/mg	Macroalbuminuria UACR ≥ 300 μg/mg	P^‡

n	20	172	91	52	29	-	-
Male/female	7/13	103/69	50/41	36/16^#	17/12	0.033	0.242
Age (years)	58.0 ± 12.3	59.3 ± 13.6	56.9 ± 14.2	63.4 ± 11.7	58.4 ± 15.6	0.675	0.034
Diabetes duration (years)	-	10.1 ± 7.9	9.2 ± 7.8	11.7 ± 8.8	9.8 ± 6.0	-	0.263
Current smokers, n (%)	2 (10)	29 (16.9)	16 (17.5)	9 (17.3)	4 (13.8)	0.430	0.889
Hypertension, n (%)	-	84 (48.8)	38 (41.3)	30 (57.7)	16 (55.2)	-	0.141
ARB/ACER use, n (%)	-	36 (20.9)	13 (14.1)	13 (25.0)	10 (34.5)	-	0.046
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 ± 4.5	23.9 ± 3.5	24.0 ± 3.6	23.4 ± 3.4	24.7 ± 3.4	0.836	0.251
Waist (cm)	81.0 ± 13.0	88.8 ± 11.4	88.9 ± 11.3^#	88.2 ± 10.7^#	89.8 ± 13.2^#	0.006	0.834
SBP (mmHg)	115.0 (20.0)	130 (20)	129.0 (20.0)^†	137.5 (25.0)^†	140.0 (30.0)^†	<0.0001	0.010
DBP (mmHg)	75.0 (10.0)	80 (10)	80.0 (10.0)^#	80.0 (14.0)^#	80.0 (10.0)	0.015	0.489
HbA1c (%),	5.6 (0.7)	8.4 (3.5)	8.1 (3.3)^†	9.0 (3.6)^†	9.0 (3.5)^†	<0.0001	0.763
FPG (mmol/L)	5.1 (0.6)	7,4 (3.9)	7.2 (4.1)^†	7.6 (4.9)^†	7.2 (2.8)^†	<0.0001	0.787
2 h PPG (mmol/L)	6.0 (1.8)	12.6 (7.5)	12.4 (7.3)^†	12.9 (7.9)^†	12.6 (7.0)^†	<0.0001	0.897
TC (mmol/L)	5.2 (0.9)	4.9 (1.6)	5.0 (1.5)	4.4 (1.5)	5.8 (1.7)	0.803	<0.0001
TG (mmol/L)	1.4 (1.1)	1.4 (1.1)	1.4 (1.0)	1.2 (0.7)	2.3 (1.9)	0.411	0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.4 (0.6)	1.2 (0.5)	1.2 (0.5)	1.1 (0.5)	1.1 (0.3)^#	0.387	0.280
LDL (mmol/L)	3.0 ± 1.0	3.0 (1.1)	3.0 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 0.8^#	3.4 ± 1.1	0.784	0.003
RBP4 (mg/L)	41.5 (15.0)	45.0 (15.0)	43.0 (16.0)	44.0 (11.0)	58.0 (21.0)^†	0.149	<0.0001
rGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	104.9 ± 27.9	92.2 ± 27.8	101.0 ± 25.1	85.1 ± 23.2^#	77.0 ± 33.4^#	0.055	<0.0001
UACR (μg/mg)	5.2 (5.4)	26.2 (125.8)	8.0 (9.9)	76.9 (91.4)^†	527.6 (1172.7)^†	<0.0001	<0.0001
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.9 (0.1)	1.2 (3.0)	1.0 (0.3)	1.3 (0.2)	1.8 (0.4)^#	0.257	0.014
FABP4 (μg/L)	1.4 (0.9)	2.6 (4.3)	2.9 (4.0)^†	1.9 (4.6)^†	4.5 (6.4)^†	0.003	0.293
NGAL/Cr (μg/mg)	0.2 (1.4)	0.9 (2.1)	0.9 (2.1)^#	0.8 (2.5)^#	1.4 (4.9)^#	0.018	0.219
Cys-C/Cr (μg/mg)	1.7 (2.3)	2.5 (2.1)	2.5 (2.1)	3.4 (3.8)	4.6 (5.8)	0.304	0.064

Data are means ± standard deviations (SD), n (%) or median (interquartile range). P^‡ for comparisons of diabetic patients versus control subjects; for comparisonsamong the three diabetic subgroups;^#P < 0.05 and ^†P < 0.001 for comparisons between diabetic subgroups versus control subjects (by the independent t-test for normally distributed data or the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data). UACR, urinary albumin- to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2 hPPG, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RBP4, retinal-binding protein 4; rGFR, radioisotope glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; NGAL/Cr, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin-to-creatinine ratio; Cys-C/Cr, cystatin C-to-creatinine ratio.