Serum Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 Levels Are Independently Associated with Radioisotope Glomerular Filtration Rate in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 2

Characteristics of the T2DM patients and controls according to the rGFR stratum.

	Controls	T2DM
		rGFR ≥ 90; mL/min/1.73 m^2	60 ≤ rGFR < 90; mL/min/1.73 m^2	30 ≤ rGFR < 60; mL/min/1.73 m^2
n	20	96	51	25	-
Male/female	7/13	59/37^#	31/20	13/12	0.683
Age (years)	58.0 ± 12.3	54.0 ± 13.2	64.7 ± 8.4^#	68.9 ± 14.9^#	<0.0001
Diabetes duration (years)	-	8.1 ± 6.5	10.9 ± 8.1	16.5 ± 9.6	<0.0001
Current smokers (%)	2 (10.0)	18 (18.8)	7 (13.7)	4 (16.0)	0.735
Hypertension, n (%)	-	31 (32.2)	33 (64.7)	20 (80.0)	<0.0001
ARB/ACER use, n (%)	-	16 (16.7)	15 (29.4)	5 (20.0)	0.194
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.8 ± 4.5	23.5 ± 3.5	24.8 ± 3.9	23.9 ± 2.7	0.121
WC (cm)	81.0 ± 13.0	86.8 ± 10.6^#	92.3 ± 11.8^#	89.8 ± 12.2^#	0.017
SBP (mmHg)	115.0 (20.0)	123.5 (20.0)^#	137.5 (20.0)^†	140.0 (20.0)^†	<0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	75.0 (10.0)	80.0 (10.0)^#	80.0 (15.0)^#	80.0 (20.0)	0.746
HbA1c (%)	5.6 (0.7)	9.0 (3.5)^†	8.0 (2.9)^†	7.9 (3.3)^†	0.129
FPG (mmol/L)	5.1 (0.6)	7.4 (4.9)^†	6.9 (2.9)^†	7.8 (1.9)^†	0.372
2 h PPG (mmol/L)	6.0 (1.8)	11.7 (7.9)^†	13.4 (8.1)^†	12.6 (5.8)^†	0.611
TC (mmol/L)	5.2 (0.9)	5.1 (1.4)	4.7 (1.8)	4.7 (2.1)	0.302
TG (mmol/L)	1.4 (1.1)	1.3 (1.1)	1.7 (1.3)	1.3 (1.7)	0.150
HDL (mmol/L)	1.4 (0.6)	1.2 (0.5)^#	1.1 (0.4)^#	1.2 (0.5)^#	0.878
LDL (mmol/L)	3.0 ± 1.0	3.1 (1.1)	2.8 (1.2)	2.8 (1.1)	0.308
RBP4 (mg/L)	41.5 (15.0)	45.2 ± 12.1^#	46.8 ± 11.3^#	52.5 ± 12.6^#	0.049
rGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	104.9 ± 27.9	112.2 ± 16.6	76.7 ± 8.5^†	47.4 ± 9.8^†	<0.0001
UACR (μg/mg)	5.2 (5.4)	17.1 (62.0)^#	38.9 (118.6)^†	262.3 (473.6)^†	<0.0001
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.9 (0.1)	1.0 (0.3)	1.5 (0.2)	1.7 (0.5)	0.468
FABP4 (μg/L)	1.4 (0.9)	2.1 (2.6)^#	2.6 (8.0)^†	5.0 (9.2)^†	<0.0001
NGAL/Cr (μg/mg)	0.2 (1.4)	0.6 (2.1)	0.9 (1.9)^#	1.7 (5.1)^#	0.095
Cys-C/Cr (μg/mg)	1.7 (2.3)	2.8 (2.9)	3.2 (2.2)	6.2 (8.4)	0.339

Data are means ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range). for comparisonsamong the three diabetic subgroups; ^#P < 0.05 and ^†P < 0.001 for comparisons between diabetic subgroups versus control subjects (by the independent t test for normally distributed data or the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data). rGFR, radioisotope glomerular filtration rate; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2 hPPG, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RBP4, retinal-binding protein 4; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; hsCRP, serum high-sensitivity C- reactive protein; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; NGAL/Cr, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin-to-creatinine ratio; Cys-C/Cr, cystatin C-to-creatinine ratio.