Effects of a Psychoeducational Program on Hemoglobin A1c Level and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Table 2
Comparison of the mean ± standard deviation scores of hemoglobin A1c level and quality of life scales regarding the age groups before and after the intervention.
Variables
Before the intervention
5 months after the intervention
≤40 years
>40 years
≤40 years
>40 years
HbA1c (mean ± SD)
9.44 ± 1.38
10.03 ± 1.28
0.030
7.59 ± 0.95
7.79 ± 1.09
0.327
<0.001
<0.001
HRQoL scales (mean ± SD)
Physical functioning
58.17 ± 19.36
38.45 ± 15.45
<0.001
59.27 ± 19.70
38.71 ± 16.05
<0.001
0.118
0.626
Role limitations due to physical health
51.10 ± 24.48
44.83 ± 21.66
0.182
52.56 ± 24.42
45.69 ± 21.93
0.146
0.103
0.105
Role limitations due to emotional problems
62.58 ± 24.99
56.82 ± 24.29
0.254
64.75 ± 21.39
61.36 ± 23.29
0.485
0.087
0.010
Energy/fatigue
49.76 ± 13.32
40.17 ± 14.69
0.001
51.46 ± 13.52
43.79 ± 13.22
0.006
0.033
0.004
Emotional well-being
47.71 ± 13.28
42.48 ± 13.02
0.054
52.98 ± 15.30
46.28 ± 14.97
0.032
0.002
0.004
Social functioning
63.72 ± 16.49
53.23 ± 17.92
0.004
63.71 ± 15.00
54.08 ± 18.80
0.008
0.989
0.302
Pain
61.56 ± 22.77
40.93 ± 21.65
<0.001
62.33 ± 23.44
41.14 ± 22.06
<0.001
0.569
0.726
General health
57.17 ± 20.05
45.33 ± 25.70
0.015
63.51 ± 19.14
49.84 ± 26.33
0.006
0.003
0.010
Independent - and paired -tests were used for comparing means, value between groups, value within the group (≤40 years) before and after intervention, and value within the group (>40 years) before and after intervention. < 0.05 is significant (two-tailed).
