Biological Aspect of Pathophysiology for Frozen Shoulder

Table 1

Results of cytokines and growth factors in reviewed studies.

	Rodeo et al. [11]	Bunker et al. [14]	Ryu et al. [15]	Kanbe et al. [16]	Kabbabe et al. [17]	Lho et al. [2]	A. M. T. Lubis and V. K. Lubis [18]	Cohen et al. [25]
Sample size	19 FS; 14 NS, 7 control subjects	14 FS; 5 DC, 4 control subjects	11 DFS; 5 control subjects	10 FS	13 FS; 10 control subjects	14 FS; 7 control subjects	50 FS; 50 control subjects	9 FS; 8 control subjects
Specimen	Capsule	RI	RI	RI	Capsule	Capsule, SAB, joint fluid	Serum	Capsule
Method	IHC	RT-PCR	IHC, Western blot	IHC	RT-PCR	RT-PCR, IHC, ELISA	ELISA	IHC
Cytokine & GF
IL-1α		(14/14)				↑ (capsule, SAB)
IL-1β	↑	(6/14)				↑ (capsule)
IL-6		(14/14)		(++++) (100%)	↑	↑ (joint fluid)
IL-8					↑
TNF-α	↑	(1/14)				↑ (capsule, SAB)
TNF-β		(12/14)
COX1						↑ (capsule)
COX2						↑ (capsule, SAB)
TGF-β	↑	(13/14)					TGF-β1 ↑	Receptor 1 ↑
PDGF	↑	(12/14 for α); (7/14 for β)
HGF	↑
FGF		(14/14 for acidic); (12/14 for basic)
VEGF			↑	(++) (60%)