Understanding Deep Brain Stimulation: In Vivo Metabolic Consequences of the Electrode Insertional Effect

Table 1

Changes in brain metabolism due to electrode (A), stimulation (B), and both effects (C).

ROI	Side	T	k	↓/↑	peak level	FWE; peak level	FWE; cluster level
(A) D0 vs D7: Electrode effect
Ob	R & L	15.68	121	↓	<0.001	0.811	0.067
PtA - S1	R	14.97	365	↓	<0.001	0.880	<0.001
VCx	L	14.75	184	↓	<0.001	0.884	0.015
(B) D7 vs D9: Stimulation effect
Bstm	R & L	18.39	1549	↓	<0.001	0.432	<0.001
AHiPM/AL-PMCo - HTh	L	10.39		↓	<0.001	0.949
CPu	L	37.56	738	↑	<0.001	0.025	<0.001
S1-Au		10.53		↑	<0.001	0.947
CPu-Pir	R	17.74	695	↑	<0.001	0.497	<0.001
S1-Au		10.45		↑	<0.001	0.948
(C) D0 vs D9: Both effects
RMC - PAG	R & L	26.24	1430	↓	<0.001	0.105	<0.001
Cb	R	5.90		↓	0.002	0.998
S2 - I	L	15.20	475	↑	<0.001	0.892	<0.001
Pir	L	9.10		↑	<0.001	0.979
Pir	R	12.96	152	↑	<0.001	0.929	0.026

Structures: AHiPM/AL: amydalohippocampal area posteromedial/anterolateral part, Au: auditory cortex, Bstm: brainstem, Cb: cerebellum, CPu: caudate-putamen, HTh: hypothalamus, I: insular cortex, Ob: olfactory bulb, PAG: periaqueductal gray matter, Pir: piriform cortex, PMCo: posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus, PtA: parietal association cortex, RMC: red nucleus, S1: primary somatosensory cortex, S2: secondary somatosensory cortex, and VCx: visual cortex.
ROI: region of interest. Side: right (R) and left (L). T: t value; k: cluster size. Glucose metabolism: increase (↑) and decrease (↓). : p-value uncorrected; FWE: family wise error correction.