Exosomes Modulate the Viral Replication and Host Immune Responses in HBV Infection

Figure 2

Exosomes modulate immune response during HBV infection. On the one hand, exosomes can play anti-HBV infection roles by increasing macrophages and NK cells function and delivering antiviral molecules among cells. On the other hand, HBV induced exosomes can promote HBV infections by inhibiting immune responses directly or indirectly and influencing cytokine-mediated signaling pathways and cytokine production.