A History of Endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery: What Have We Learnt?

Table 1

Indications for full-endoscopic posterior/lateral thoracic and lumbar spine surgery.

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(i) Decompression of central and foraminal spinal stenosis [35, 36]

(ii) Decompression of lateral recess stenosis [37]

(iii) Removal of all types of disc herniations incl. difficult cases and recurrent disc herniations [38]

  (a) Medial disc herniations [39, 40]

  (b) Down migrated disc herniations [41]

  (c) Bilateral disc herniations [42]

  (d) Recurrent disc herniations [43]

  (e) Calcified disc herniations [44]

(iv) Removal of synovial cysts [45]

(v) Removal of epidural hematoma [46]

(vi) Removal of thoracic disc herniations and decompression of thoracic stenosis [47, 48]

(vii) Palliative decompression metastases [49]

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