Intimate Partner Violence among Pregnant Women and Postpartum Depression in Vietnam: A Longitudinal Study

Table 1

Descriptive characteristics of study participants (N = 1,274).

Characteristics	No. of women	% of total
Age (years) (n=1,274)
16-24	573	45.0
25-34	620	48.7
≥ 35	81	6.3
Place of birth (n=1,272)
Present community in Dong Anh District	610	47.9
Another community in Dong Anh District	350	27.5
Another district/Another province or city	312	24.6
Occupation (n=1,273)
Government employee/Private company /Organization	408	32.0
Work in private company	349	27.4
Farmer	166	13.0
Small trade	181	14.2
Unemployed/student/homemaker	169	13.4
Level of education^1 (n=1,274)
Primary school	24	1.9
Secondary school	228	17.9
High school	465	36.5
University/college	557	43.7
Living arrangement in relation to partner (n=1,273)
Married and living together	1,267	99.5
Married but living apart	3	0.2
Living with a man, not married	2	0.2
Having a regular partner (sexual relationship), living apart	1	0.1
Living arrangement in relation to family of birth^2and in-laws (n=1,274)
Living without family of birth/in-laws	356	27.9
Living with family of birth	62	4.9
Living with in-laws	856	67.2
Age of women when pregnant for the first time (years) (n=1,273)
<20	258	20.3
20-29	973	76.4
≥30	42	3.3
Number of pregnancies (n=1,274)
1	516	40.5
2	345	27.1
≥3	413	32.4
Living children
1	490	70.4
2	191	27.4
≥3	15	2.2
Husband’s preference for a specific sex of child (n=1,268)
Preference for son	575	45.3
Preference for girl	270	21.3
No preference	423	33.4
Type of partner violence during pregnancy:
Emotional violence during pregnancy
Insulted or made her feel bad about herself	65	5.1
Belittled or humiliated her in front of other people	20	1.6
Did things to scare or intimidate her on purpose?	370	29.0
Threatened to hurt her or someone her care about?	16	1.3
Any emotional violence	411	32.3
Physical violence during pregnancy
Moderate physical violence:
Slapped or thrown something	42	3.3
Pushed or shoved	7	0.6
Severe physical violence:	10	0.8
Hit that could hurt	9	0.7
Kicked/dragged or beating	4	0.3
Choked or burnt	2	0.2
Threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife, or other weapon	1	0.1
Any physical violence	45	3.5
Sexual violence during pregnancy
Physically forced to have sexual intercourse	111	8.7
Did not want to have sexual intercourse	18	1.4
Forced you to do something sexual that felt degrading	6	0.5
Any sexual violence	125	9.8
Type of partner violence during early pregnancy (<24 weeks gestational age)
At least one type of IPV	337	26.5
Emotional violence	314	24.7
Physical violence	40	3.1
Sexual violence	63	4.9
At least one type of IPV during pregnancy^3	450	35.3

Level of education was grouped into primary school (up to grade 5 years), secondary school (grade 6-9 years), high school (grade 10-12 years ) and higher education (>12 years).
Living with one and/or two biological parents
Women who reported being exposed to a specific type of violence, irrespective of whether they have been exposed to other types of violence.