Research Article

A Comparative Study of the Bias Correction Methods for Differential Item Functioning Analysis in Logistic Regression with Rare Events Data

Table 1

Statistical power of different methods of estimation under different combinations.

ItemRatioNDIF: 0.4DIF: 0.8
τ: 0.156τ: 0.069τ: 0.156τ: 0.069
MLPMLWLRMLPMLWLRMLPMLWLRMLPMLWLR

5nf = nr2000.130.100.160.090.060.120.340.300.420.200.150.28
6000.290.260.330.170.150.210.780.750.830.490.450.58
10000.460.420.510.230.210.270.940.920.960.690.660.77

5nf = 2nr2000.130.110.160.090.070.130.320.290.410.190.150.30
6000.290.270.320.160.150.220.740.720.820.450.440.59
10000.410.390.460.230.220.290.890.880.930.620.610.73

5nf = 3nr2000.130.110.170.090.080.160.300.280.410.170.160.29
6000.210.200.260.130.130.180.610.600.730.370.360.51
10000.370.350.420.210.200.260.860.850.910.560.560.70

15nf = nr2000.130.110.170.100.090.130.360.330.450.220.180.29
6000.340.320.380.200.190.230.810.800.870.520.490.62
10000.480.460.530.280.250.320.960.960.980.740.720.81

15nf = 2nr2000.130.120.170.110.090.150.350.330.440.220.200.32
6000.340.320.390.200.200.250.770.770.850.510.500.65
10000.450.440.500.250.240.310.940.940.970.700.700.80

15nf = 3nr2000.130.130.170.100.080.140.310.310.410.190.190.31
6000.250.250.310.150.150.210.740.740.830.430.440.57
10000.370.370.430.230.240.300.900.890.940.640.660.77

Note. Ratio: sample size ratio between the reference and focal groups. nr and nf represent sample sizes in reference and focal groups, respectively. N = total sample size; N = nr + nf. τ: the fraction of 1s in the population. DIF: differential item functioning; ML: maximum likelihood; PML: penalized maximum likelihood; WLR: Weighted Logistic Regression.